Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Vol.147, 179-187, 2019
Supercritical CO2 extraction and transesterification of the residual oil from industrial palm kernel cake with supercritical methanol
The oil extracts from palm kernel cake were obtained with supercritical CO2 at temperatures of (40-80) degrees C and pressures of (150-350) bar. The highest extraction yield on dry basis was (7.82 +/- 0.28)%, obtained at 350 bar/80 degrees C; however, the oil fraction employed in the transesterification process was that obtained at 150 bar/40 degrees C. The transesterification reaction was performed under the following operating conditions: methanol/oil molar ratios of 24:1 and 42:1, temperatures of (250-350) degrees C, and reaction times of (5-25) min. A statistical analysis and mathematical modeling for the optimal yield of SFE were also performed. The fatty acid with the highest concentration was lauric acid (60.24 +/- 0.62) % and the transesterification conditions affording the highest conversion of methyl esters (99.81 +/- 0.10) % were a methanol/oil molar ratio of 42:1, 350 degrees C, and 5 min.