Nanomedicine has made great progress toward the diagnosis and treatment of diseases by exploiting physicochemical properties and biological interactions of nanomaterials that differ from the corresponding conventional materials. In the past decade, the advancement of biocompatible and biodegradable inorganic nanostructures has produced numerous nanomedicine platforms. Silicon and, more recently, black phosphorus (BP) offer promising nanoplatforms for bio-applications, including bioimaging, photo therapy, drug delivery, combination therapy, and theranostics, due to their intrinsic unique properties, negligible elemental cytotoxicity, high drug-loading potential, long blood circulation time, and specific clearance pathways. In view of the growing importance of silicon and BP nanomaterials in the progress of nanomedicine, and their common feature characteristics as biodegradable biocompatible elemental semiconductors, this contribution reviews the latest advances in silicon and BP-based biomedical nanomaterials for disease diagnosis and therapy. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.