This study revised the non-radial angle model and set up the meta-frontier non-radial angle efficiency (MNAE) model. Moreover, an angle efficiency index was established in the MNAE model to reflect changes in the production decisions of decision-making units as a result of the external environment. The study conducted empirical analysis on data for 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2015. The results showed that the eastern area of China was sensitive to fluctuations in the world's economy and was able to quickly adjust production decision making; the western area lagged relatively behind in making changes, and the central area was not affected. Effects of international trade and foreign direct investment on the Shandong, Jiangsu, Fujian, Liaoning, Hunan, Henan, Jiangxi, and Sichuan provinces were significant and caused notable policy changes, which led to short-term resource waste and policy faults. This study also provides policy advice based on the results. (C) 2018 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.