Ninjurin 1 (Ninj1) is identified as a peripheral nerve injury-induced protein. However, the role of Ninj1 in nerve regeneration is unclear. Schwann cells (SCs) and microvasculature are critical for peripheral nerve regeneration. SCs precursors and microvascular pericytes (PCs), which are nerve/glia1 antigen 2 (NG2)-positive cells are observed in peripheral nervous system. In this study, we investigated the role of Ninj1 in peripheral nerve regeneration using NG2(+)cell-specific inducible deletion of Ninj1 mouse model. The number of NG2(+)cells, which were associated with and without microvessels was increased after sciatic nerve crush injury. There was a significant increase in the expression of Ninj1 and EphA7 in the injured nerve tissue. This increase was mostly observed in NG2(+) cells. Genetic tracing of NG2(+) cells was performed using tamoxifen (Tam) treatment on NG2CreERT:R26R-tdTomato mice. The sciatic nerve was injured following the Tam-treatment, then tdTomato-expressing SCs were mostly observed in regenerated SCs at 21 days after nerve injury. Ninj1 gene knockout (Ninj1 KO) in NG2(+)cells was induced using NG2CreERT:Ninj1loxp mice. Tam-treated-NG2CreERT or Tam-nontreated NG2CreERT:Ninj1loxp mice were used as controls. Following Tam-treatment, the sciatic nerve in each group was injured. Ninj1 KO significantly attenuated the expression of the myelin binding protein (MBP) as well as the number of myelinated axons. The expression of MBP in cultured SCs was significantly reduced by SiRNA-mediated Ninj1 knockdown (KD). Ninj1KD also attenuated the differentiation of SCs by isolated EphA7(+)multipotent PCs. The current data indicate that Ninj1 plays a vital role in peripheral nerve regeneration. This is observed particularly in the myelination process of NG2(+)cells including SCs precursors and multipotent PCs. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.