Rice straw physicochemical characteristics and anaerobic digestion (AD) performance via ammonia pretreatment at varying ammonia concentrations (2%, 4%, and 6%) and moisture contents (30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%) under a mild condition were investigated. The results showed that the ammonia pretreatment effectively damaged the rice straw structure, increased the soluble organic concentration, and improved rice straw hydrolysis and AD performance. After pretreatment, the ester bond and ether bond were ruptured in lignocellulose and the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were within the range of 1457.81-1823.67 mg.L-1. In addition, ammonia pretreatment had high selectivity on lignin removal, resulting in a maximum lignin removal rate of 50.80%. The highest methane yield of rice straw was 250.34 ml.(g VS)(-1) ata 4% ammonia concentration coupled with a 70% moisture content, which was 28.55% higher than that of the control.The result showed that ammonia pretreatment of rice straw is technically suitable to enhance AD performance for further application. (C) 2019 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.