Waste heat exhausted from vehicle engine has significant influences on the performances of absorption refrigeration driven by vehicle exhaust heat (VARS), especially for the transient response of VARS to the exhaust temperature and flow rate. Moreover, ambient temperature and flow rate of solution pump also affect its performances. Based on these, a dynamic mathematical model of VARS was proposed and established to observe its dynamic performances in this work. Further, the dynamic model was solved, and the simulation results were compared to the experimental data of a prototype in the same operating conditions. Finally, the transient response of VARS to exhaust temperature and flow rate, ambient temperature, and flow rate of solution pump were analyzed. The simulation results showed that the response time is about 2000 seconds when a disturbance was imposed. The research findings can supply some guidance for a reliable design, optimization, and control strategy for the actual application of the VARS.