Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials have aroused growing attention in the domain of photocatalysis owing to their unique properties, especially in the removal of contaminants. Herein, a novel carbon quantum dots (CQDs)-decorated MOF (ZIF-8) composite with excellent photocatalytic activity was prepared by a facile impregnation approach. The well-designed core-shell structure endows the composite with a remarkable absorptive capability and enhanced visible light response. CQDs@ZIF-8 composite exhibited superior photocatalytic removal efficiency of methylene blue, and the reaction rate constant was 6 times that of ZIF-8. The enhancement of the photocatalytic efficiency was attributed to the highly effective separation and transport of photo-induced charge, abundant reactive sites, and improved visible light response ability. Meanwhile, the CQDs@ZIF-8 photocatalyst possesses dependable structural and capability stability in the reuse of pollutant removal. This study would offer an underlying insight into the innovative design of high performance photocatalyst in environmental remediation.