The selection of a proper diluent should be based on several criteria such as the distribution ratio, phase disengagement time, cost, safety and environmental impact of the process. The effect of different diluents on the solvent extraction of Nd(III) by the neutral extractant trin-butylphosphate (TBP) from nitrate feed solutions was studied. The nature of the diluent had little effect on the extraction kinetics of Nd(III) by TBP above 2.5 min. In general, phase disengagement times were relatively shorter for aromatic diluents compared to aliphatic diluents. Conversely, extraction efficiencies were the highest for aliphatic diluents, slightly lower for mixed aliphatic-aromatic diluents and much lower for aromatic diluents. The poorer extraction efficiencies of aromatic diluents maybe due to the lower concentration of free extractant as a result of the stronger interactions of the diluent with water and/or of the diluent with the extractant. Under the experimental conditions, the differences in extraction between aliphatic and aromatic diluents decreased with increasing the salting-out effect of nitrate ions in the feed. At nitrate concentrations of 4.5 mol L-1 or more, the different diluents had a limited influence on the metal extraction with 1 mol L-1 TBP from feed solutions of 1 g L-1 Nd(III). Thus, under these conditions, the selection of the diluent can be preferably based on its cost, safety and biodegradability rather than on its physico-chemical properties. (C) 2020 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.