Evaluation of Water Softening with the Removal of Calcium Ion by Ion Flotation Approach

Azadeh Mafi; Gholam Khayati

Korean Chemical Engineering Research, Vol.59, No.2, 219-224, May, 2021

DOI10.9713/kcer.2021.59.2.219 Export Citation

Evaluation of Water Softening with the Removal of Calcium Ion by Ion Flotation Approach

Azadeh Mafi, and Gholam Khayati^†

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Eng., University of Guilan, Rasht, P. O. Box 41635-3756, Iran

E-mail:

Ion flotation is an efficient method to remove metal ions from aqueous solution. In this work, ion flotation was applied to calcium removal from aqueous solution. The parameters used included sodium stearate (SS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as collectors, 1-butanol and 1-propanol as frothers, pH, and air-flow rate. An L16 orthogonal array was chosen according to the mentioned factors and levels, and experimental tests were conducted according to the Taguchi orthogonal array. The results showed that all of the factors except one had significant effect on the flotation performance. The percentage contribution of parameters showed that type of frother and type of collector made the greatest (43.14%) and the lowest (9.86%) contribution, respectively. In optimal conditions, the recovery of Ca (II) ion was 45.67%. Also, the results illustrated that the Taguchi method could predict calcium removal from aqueous solution by ion flotation with 2.63%. This study showed that the use of ion flotation was an effective method for Ca (II) ion removal from aqueous solution.

Keywords:Water softening;Hard water;Calcium ion;Experimental design;Taguchi method

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[3] Sengupta P, Int. J. Prev. Med., 4(8), 866 (2013)

[4] Wasana HMS, Aluthpatabendi D, Kularatne WMTD, Wijekoon P, Weerasooriya R, Bandara J, Environ. Geochem. Health, 38, 158 (2016)

[5] Yu Y, Jin HC, Jin XD, Yan RX, Zhang L, Chen XM, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 57(18), 6585 (2018)

[6] Gryta M, Tomaszewska M, Karakulski K, Desalination, 198(1-3), 67 (2006)

[7] Song YF, Qin WB, Li TM, Hu QH, Gao CJ, Desalination, 432, 81 (2018)

[8] Sosa-Fernandez PA, Post JW, Leermakers FAM, Rijnaarts HHM, Bruning H, J. Membr. Sci., 589, 117251 (2019)

[9] Qasim M, Darwish NN, Mhiyo S, Darwish NA, Hilal N, Desalination, 443, 143 (2018)

[10] Zarei F, Moattari RM, Rajabzadeh S, Bagheri M, Taghizadeh A, J. Membr. Sci., 588, 117207 (2019)

[11] Subban CV, Gadgil AJ, Desalination, 465, 38 (2019)

[12] Wang L, Lin S, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53(10), 5797 (2019)

[13] Park JS, Song JH, Yeon KH, Moon SH, Desalination, 202(1-3), 1 (2007)

[14] Hoseinian FS, Irannajad M, Javadi-Nooshabad A, Int. J. Miner. Process, 143, 131 (2015)

[15] Puget FP, Melo MV, Massarani G, Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 21, 229 (2004)

[16] Taguta J, O'Connor CT, McFadzean B, Miner. Eng., 110, 145 (2017)

[17] Anvari M, Khayati G, Pol. J. Chem. Technol., 18, 127 (2016)

[18] Khayati G, Barati M, Environ. Process, 4, 451 (2017)

[19] Khayati G, Gilani HG, Safari Keyvani Z, Sep. Sci. Technol., 51(4), 601 (2016)

[20] Sadat-Shojai M, Khorasani MT, Jamshidi A, J. Cryst. Growth, 361, 73 (2012)

[21] Masoumi HRF, Kassim A, Basri M, Abdullah DK, Molecules, 16, 4672 (2011)

[22] Klimpel RR, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Littleton, CO., pp. 141 (1995).

[23] Mahmoud MR, Lazaridis NK, Sep. Sci. Technol., 50(9), 1421 (2015)

[24] Wang H, Yang J, Lei S, Wang X, Water Sci. Technol., 68, 783 (2013)

[25] Hoseinian FS, Rezai B, Safari M, Deglon D, Kowsari E, J. Environ. Manage., 244, 408 (2019)

[26] Joglekar AM, May AT, Cereal Foods World, 32, 857 (1987)