Simultaneous Extraction and In-Situ Transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris Using Microwave-Assisted Method for Biodiesel Production

Randy Adhiputra; Maisari Utami; Eko Agus Suyono; Arief Budiman; Poedji Loekitowati Hariani; Ani Setyo Pratiwi; Karna Wijaya

Korean Journal of Materials Research, Vol.31, No.4, 181-187, April, 2021

DOI10.3740/MRSK.2021.31.4.181 Export Citation

Simultaneous Extraction and In-Situ Transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris Using Microwave-Assisted Method for Biodiesel Production

Randy Adhiputra, Maisari Utami¹, Eko Agus Suyono², Arief Budiman³, Poedji Loekitowati Hariani⁴, Ani Setyo Pratiwi, and Karna Wijaya^†

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
²Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
³Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
⁴Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, South Sumatera 30862, Indonesia

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This research aims to study the simultaneous extraction and transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) using microwave irradiation with methanol as solvent and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The microwave-assisted insitu transesterification of C. vulgaris is assessed at various ratios of biomass-to-methanol, reaction times, and catalyst concentrations during the centrifugation and evaporation process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis is performed to confirm fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition. Biodiesel preparation is carried out by simultaneous extraction and transesterification of microalgae from C. vulgaris. The product is then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR); microalgae are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest amount of FAME is obtained at a biomass-to-methanol ratio of 1:12, reaction time of 40 min, and catalyst concentration of 2 wt%. Biodiesel shows conversion to about 77.64% of methyl ester (methyl myristate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl linoleate, methyl oleate, methyl arachidonate, and methyl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentanoate).

Keywords:biodiesel;chlorella vulgaris;microwave;methyl ester;in-situ transesterification

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[4] Singh J, Gu S, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 2596 (2010)

[5] Patil PD, Gude VG, Mannarswamy A, Cooke P, Munson-McGee S, Nirmalakhandan N, Lammers P, Deng SG, Bioresour. Technol., 102(2), 1399 (2011)

[6] Amarni F, Kadi H, Innovat. Food Sci. Emerg. Tech., 11, 322 (2010)

[7] Kim J, Yoo G, Lee H, Lim J, Kim K, Kim CW, Park MS, Yang J, Biotechnol. Adv., 31, 862 (2013)

[8] Kumar R, Rao PH, Arumugam M, Front. Energ. Res., 2, 1 (2015)

[9] Lidstrom P, Tierney JP, Wathey B, Westman J, Tetrahedron, 57, 9225 (2001)

[10] Tierney JP, Lidstrom P, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, England (2005).

[11] Mulbry M, Kondrad S, Buyer J, Luthria DL, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 86, 909 (2009)

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[13] Eskilsson CS, Bjorklund E, J. Chromatogr. A, 902, 227 (2000)

[14] Patil PD, Gude VG, Camacho LM, Deng S, Energy Fuels, 24, 1298 (2010)

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[18] Rushan NH, Yasin NHM, Sepian NRA, Said FM, Shafei NI, Indones. J. Chem., 19, 767 (2019)

[19] Purkan PE, Nidianti, Abdulloh A, Safa A, Retnowati W, Soemarjati W, Nurlaila H, Kim SW, Open Chem., 17, 919 (2019)

[20] Shah KA, Parikh JK. Maheria KC, Bioenergy Res., 7, 206 (2014)

[21] Knothe G, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77, 489 (2000)

[22] Knothe G, Fuel Process. Technol., 86(10), 1059 (2005)