Fine coal separation in a vibrated gas-fluidized bed (VGFB) is based on the phenomenon of density segregation and provides an easy and efficient way to clean fine coal. In this study, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to study the influential significance of parameters, parametric interactions, and performance optimization of fine coal separation in a VGFB. The results show that the superficial air velocity, vibration frequency, and vibration amplitude have significant two-factor interactions. The synergy between vibration and airflow contributes to revealing the mechanisms of these interactions. The performance optimization usingRSMwas conducted and the optimal combination of parameter values with the best performance of density segregation was obtained as followed:Uof 36.9 cm/s,fof 29.2 Hz,Aof 1.88 mm, andTof 139 s. The verification experiments were carried out and the results were consistent with the results of performance optimization.