화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.110, 68-83, June, 2022
DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2022.03.014  Export Citation
Carbon nanodots: Synthesis, mechanisms for bio-electrical applications
Duraisami Dhamodharan, Hun-Soo Byun†, M. Varsha Shree1, Dhinakaran Veeman1, †, L. Natrayan2, and B. Stalin3
  • Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Jeonnam 59626, Republic of Korea
  • 1Centre for Computational Mechanics, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
  • 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
  • 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Regional Campus Madurai, Madurai 625 019, Tamil Nadu, India
E-mail:,
Due to the exceptional optical properties such as biocompatibility, and low toxicity, carbon nanodots (CNDs) have emerged as a potential material for biosensing, drug delivery, and bioimaging. As a result, CNDs preparation, properties, and applications have sparked much attention. Its advantages include great biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo, photobleaching resistance, ease of surface functionalization and bioconjugation, excellent colloidal stability, environmentally safe manufacturing, and low cost. This allowed CNDs to replace traditional fluorescent heavy metal-containing semiconductor quantum dots or organic dyes. CNDs have demonstrated a wide range of applications, despite the fact that the mechanism of their photoluminescence remains a mystery. In this review, we examine current advancements in the field of CNDs and provide a complete overview of their synthesis techniques and emission processes along with their applications in biosensing, drug delivery, bioimaging, wound healing, and disease detection biosensors.
Keywords:Carbon nanodots;Biosensing;Bioimaging;Photoluminescence;Drug delivery;And electrochemical luminescence
  1. Li H, Zhenhui K, Yang L, Lee ST, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 24230 (2012)
  2. Baker SN, Baker GA, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 49, 6726 (2010)
  3. Xiao L, Sun H, Nanoscale Horiz., 3, 565 (2018)
  4. Zhang M, Zhai X, Sun M, Ma T, Huang Y, Huang B, Du Y, Yan C, Chem. Soc. Rev., 49, 9220 (2020)
  5. Arcudi F, Ðordevic L, Prato M, Acc. Chem. Res., 52, 2070 (2019)
  6. Cadranel A, Margraf JT, Strauss V, Clark T, Guldi DM, Acc. Chem. Res., 52, 955 (2019)
  7. Ðordevic L, Arcudi F, Prato M, Nat. Protoc., 14, 2931 (2019)
  8. Song B, Wang Q, Wang L, Lin J, Wei X, Murugadoss V, Wu S, Guo Z, Ding T, Wei S, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 559, 124 (2020)
  9. Song B, Wang T, Sun H, Shao Q, Zhao J, Song K, Hao L, Wang L, Guo Z, Dalton Trans., 46, 15769 (2017)
  10. Strauss V, Wang H, Delacroix S, Ledendecker M, Wessig P, Chem. Sci., 11, 8256 (2020)
  11. Strauss V, Marsh K, Kowal MD, El-Kady M, Kaner RB, Adv. Mater., 30, 1704449 (2018)
  12. Yao B, Huang H, Liu Y, Kang Z, Trends Chem., 1, 235 (2019)
  13. Song SY, Liu KK, Wei JY, Lou Q, Shang Y, Shan CX, Nano Lett., 19, 5553 (2019)
  14. Shen CL, Lou Q, Zang JH, Liu KK, Qu SN, Dong L, Shan CX, Adv. Sci., 7, 1903525 (2020)
  15. Liang YC, Liu KK, Wu XY, Lou Q, Sui LZ, Dong L, Yuan KJ, Shan CX, Adv. Sci., 8, 2003433 (2021)
  16. Aziz SB, Abdullah OG, Brza MA, Azawy AK, Tahir DA, Results Phys., 15, 102776 (2019)
  17. Gomez IJ, Arnaiz B, Cacioppo M, Arcudi F, Prato M, J. Mater. Chem. B, 6, 5540 (2018)
  18. Khan S, Sharma A, Ghoshal S, Jain S, Hazra MK, Nandi CK, Chem. Sci., 9, 175 (2018)
  19. Essner JB, Kist JA, Polo-Parada L, Baker GA, Chem. Mater., 30, 1878 (2018)
  20. Papaioannou N, Marinovic A, Yoshizawa N, Goode AE, Fay M, Khlobystov A, Titirici MM, Sapelkin A, Sci. Rep., 8, 1 (2018)
  21. Shen CL, Lou Q, Lv CF, Zang JH, Qu SN, Dong L, Shan CX, Adv. Sci., 6, 1802331 (2019)
  22. Sivasankarapillai VS, Kirthi AV, Akksadha M, Indu S, Dharshini UD, Pushpamalar J, Karthik L, Nanoscale Adv., 2, 1760 (2020)
  23. Liang YC, Gou SS, Liu KK, Wu WJ, Guo CZ, Lu SY, Zang JH, Wu XY, Lou Q, Dong L, Gao YF, Shan CX, Nano Today, 34, 100900 (2020)
  24. Green DC, Holden MA, Levenstein MA, Zhang S, Johnson BRG, de Pablo JG, Ward A, Botchway SW, Meldrum FC, Nat. Commun., 10, 1 (2019)
  25. Huang CC, Hung YS, Weng YM, Chen W, Lai YS, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 86, 144 (2019)
  26. Rizzo C, Arcudi F, Ðordevic L, Dintcheva NT, Noto R, D’Anna F, Prato M, ACS Nano, 12, 1296 (2018)
  27. Wu Y, Liu X, Wu Q, Yi J, Zhang G, Anal. Chem., 89, 7084 (217)
  28. Lu S, Sui L, Liu J, Zhu S, Chen A, Jin M, Yang B, Adv. Mater., 29, 1603443 (2017)
  29. Su ZC, Ye HG, Xiong Z, Lou Q, Zhang Z, Tang F, Tang JY, Dai JY, Shan CX, Xu SJ, Carbon, 126, 58 (2018)
  30. Wang W, Wang B, Embrechts H, Damm C, Cadranel A, Strauß V, Distaso M, Hinterberger V, Guldi DM, Peukert W, RSC Adv., 7, 24771 (2017)
  31. Knoblauch R, Harvey A, Ra E, Greenberg KM, Lau J, Hawkins E, Geddes CD, Nanoscale, 13, 85 (2021)
  32. Goryacheva IY, Sapelkin AV, Sukhorukov GB, Trends Anal. Chem., 9, 27 (2017)
  33. Mohammed LJ, Omer KM, Sci. Rep., 10, 1 (2020)
  34. Sawalha S, Silvestri A, Criado A, Bettini S, Prato M, Valli L, Carbon, 167, 696 (2020)
  35. Zeng Z, Zhang W, Arvapalli DM, Bloom B, Sheardy A, Mabe T, Liu Y, Ji Z, Chevva H, Waldeck DH, Wei J, PCCP, 19, 20101 (2017)
  36. Arcudi F, Ðordevic L, Prato M, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 56, 4170 (2017)
  37. Knoblauch R, Bui B, Raza A, Geddes CD, PCCP, 20, 15518 (2018)
  38. Zhao JL, Luo QY, Ruan Q, Chen K, Liu C, Redshaw C, Jin Z, Chem. Mater., 33, 6091 (2021)
  39. Kong L, Zhu Y, Huang G, Wu J, Compos. Commun., 22, 100441 (2020)
  40. Yadav RM, Li Z, Zhang T, Sahin O, Roy S, Gao G, Guo H, Vajtai R, Wang L, Ajayan PM, Wu J, Adv. Mater., 34(2), 2105690 (2021)
  41. Fang L, Liu Z, Zhou C, Guo Y, Feng Y, Yang M, J. Phys. Chem. C, 123, 26921 (2019)
  42. Luo H, Guo Q, Szilágyi PA, Jorge AB, Titirici MM, Trends Chem., 2, 623 (2020)
  43. Rigodanza F, Ðordevic L, Arcudi F, Prato M, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 130, 5156 (2018)
  44. Zhang W, Zeng Z, Wei J, J. Phys. Chem. C, 121, 18635 (2017)
  45. Li Y, Li S, Wang Y, Wang J, Liu H, Liu X, Wang L, Liu X, Xue W, Ma N, PCCP, 19, 11631 (2017)
  46. An Q, Lin Q, Huang X, Zhou R, Guo X, Xu W, Wang S, Xu D, Chang HT, Dyes Pigment., 185, 108878 (2021)
  47. Oloore LE, Gondal MA, Popoola A, Popoola IK, Carbon, 173, 1048 (2021)
  48. He Y, Wang S, Wang J, Food Anal. Methods, 1 (2021)
  49. Lee T, Won S, Park Y, Kwon W, ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 4, 2462 (2021)
  50. Roy P, Chen PC, Periasamy AP, Chen YN, Chang HT, Mater. Today, 18, 447 (2015)
  51. Qin X, Liu J, Zhang Q, Chen W, Zhong X, He J, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 16, 1 (2021)
  52. Bianco A, in: Multifunctional CNDs for Theranostic Applications, IOP Publishing, p. 505, 2021.
  53. Shi Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Bao J, Cheng J, Yi C, Chin. Chem. Lett., 32, 3189 (2021)
  54. Pricilla RB, Škoda D, Urbánek P, Urbánek M, Kurˇitka I, In NANOCON Conference Proceedings-International Conference on Nanomaterials. TANGER Ltd., 75-79, (2021).
  55. Romero MP, Alves F, Stringasci MD, Buzzá HH, Ciol H, Inada NM, Bagnato VS, Front. Microbiol., 12, 1455 (2021)
  56. Hu D, Lin KH, Xu Y, Kajiyama M, Neves MA, Ogawa K, Enomae T, Cellulose, 28, 9705 (2021)
  57. Dong S, Song Y, Fang Y, Zhu K, Ye K, Gao Y, Yan J, Wang G, Cao D, Carbon, 178, 1 (2021)
  58. Ganguly S, Das P, Das S, Ghorai U, Bose M, Ghosh S, Mondal M, Das AK, Banerjee S, Das NC, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 579, 123604 (2019)
  59. Soni N, Singh S, Sharma S, Batra G, Kaushik K, Rao C, Verma NC, Mondal B, Yadav A, Nandi CK, Chem. Sci., 12, 3615 (2021)
  60. Mocci F, Olla C, Cappai A, Corpino R, Ricci PC, Chiriu D, Salis M, Carbonaro CM, Materials, 14, 770 (2021)
  61. Choudhury B, in: All-carbon Composites and Hybrids, Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 173–195, 2021.
  62. Khatokar JA, Vinay N, Sanjay B, Bhargava S, Bale AS, Kolekar TR, Singh S, Umarani S, Huddar SA, Mater. Today.-Proc., 43, 3928 (2021)
  63. Ren J, Malfatti L, Innocenzi P, C, 7(1), 2 (2021)
  64. Chen W, Shen J, Wang Z, Liu X, Xu Y, Zhao H, Astruc D, Chem. Sci., 12, 11722 (2021)
  65. Babu PJ, Saranya S, Singh YD, Venkataswamy M, Raichur AM, Doble M, Opt. Mater., 117, 111120 (2021)
  66. Arul V, Chandrasekaran P, Sivaraman G, Sethuraman MG, Diam. Relat. Mat., 116, 108437 (2021)
  67. Choppadandi M, Guduru AT, Gondaliya P, Arya N, Kalia K, Kumar H, Kapusetti G, Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Biomimetic Supramol. Syst., 129, 112366 (2021)
  68. Govindaraju K, Anand KV, Muthamilselvan S, Kannan M, Elanchezhiyan M, Research Square, 1 (2021)
  69. Zühlke M, Meiling TT, Roder P, Riebe D, Beitz T, Bald I, Löhmannsröben HG, Janßen T, Erhard M, Repp A, ACS Omega, 37, 23742 (2021)
  70. Hao C, Bai Y, Chen Z, Geng F, Qin J, Zhou T, Feng F, Dyes Pigment., 197, 109890 (2021)
  71. Kweea Y, Kristantia AN, Siimon K, Aminaha NS, Fahmia MZ, S. Afr. J. Chem., 75, 40 (2021)
  72. Liang YC, Cao Q, Liu KK, Peng XY, Sui LZ, Wang SP, Song SY, Wu XY, Zhao WB, Deng Y, Lou Q, Dong L, Shan CX, ACS Nano, 10, 16242 (2021)
  73. Li H, Shao FQ, Huang H, Feng JJ, Wang AJ, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 226, 506 (2016)
  74. Biswal MR, Nanomaterials, 11, 935 (2021)
  75. Dowaidar M, ‘‘3D bioprinting for enhanced vascularization, and gene editing to provide a more favorable immunological response are just some of the potential uses of carbon materials.” (2021).
  76. Dowaidar M, ‘‘Quantum dots have the potential to be used in gene therapy.” https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/bdeg6, (2021).
  77. Castro RC, Lúcia MFS Saraiva M, LM Santos J, SM Ribeiro D, Coord. Chem. Rev., 448, 214181 (2021)
  78. Guo Y, Nie Y, Liang Z, Peilin W, Ma Q, Talanta, 228, 122221 (2021)
  79. Guerrero-Esteban T, Gutiérrez-Sánchez C, Martínez-Periñán E, Revenga-Parra M, Pariente F, Lorenzo E, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 330, 129389 (2021)
  80. Oza G, Ravichandran M, Merupo VI, Shinde S, Mewada A, Ramirez JT, Velumani S, Sharon M, Sharon M, Sci. Rep., 6, 1 (2016)
  81. Hu Q, Cui Y, Zhang L, Qian M, Xiao L, Yang M, Yang ZQ, J. Food Compos. Anal., 192, 104032 (2021)
  82. Bozal-Palabiyik B, Kurbanoglu S, Erkmen C, Uslu B, in: In Electroanalytical Applications of Quantum Dot-Based Biosensors, Elsevier, pp. 427–450, 2021.
  83. Liu X, Liu Y, Thakor AS, Kevadiya BD, Cheng J, Chen M, Li Y, Xu Q, Wu Q, Wu Y, Zhang G, Acta Biomater., 136, 485 (2021)
  84. Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Drago SE, Nicosia A, Costa S, Cavallaro G, Giammona G, Carbohydr. Polym., 267, 118213 (2021)
  85. Mohammadi S, Mohammadi S, Salimi A, Talanta, 224, 121895 (2021)
  86. Samimi S, Ardestani MS, Dorkoosh FA, J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol., 61, 102287 (2021)
  87. Tao J, Feng S, Liu B, Pan J, Li C, Zheng Y, Biomed. Mater., 16(5), 055001 (2021)
  88. Debnath B, Sardar M, Birawat KK, Saha I, Das A, Biofuel Cells: Materials and Challenges, 423 (2021)
  89. Castillo NE, Torres EM, Melchor-Martínez, Sierra JSO, Ramírez-Torres NM, Sosa-Hernández JE, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 179, 80 (2021)
  90. Hussain A, Rafeeq H, Qasim M, Jabeen Z, Bilal M, Franco N, Iqbal HMN, Biotech, 11, 1 (2021)
  91. Rafeeq H, Hussain A, Tarar MHA, Afsheen N, Bilal M, Iqbal H, Biotech, 11, 1 (2021)
  92. Rasul K, Barvin B, Periakaruppan P, Ponnaiah SK, Venkatachalam G, Jeyaprabha B, J. Cluster Sci., 32, 135 (2021)
  93. Wang Y, Xiao G, Zhao Y, Wang S, Jin Y, Wang Z, Su H, Nanotechnology, 32(48), 485703 (2021)
  94. Bilal M, Qamar SA, Ashraf SS, Rodríguez-Couto S, Iqbal HMN, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 293, 102438 (2021)
  95. Liu X, Liu Y, Thakor AS, Kevadiya BD, Cheng J, Chen M, Li Y, Xu Q, Wu Q, Wu Y, Zhang G, Acta Biomater., 136, 485 (2021)
  96. Sharma A, Das J, J. Nanobiotechnol., 17, 1 (2019)
  97. Ha J, Seo Y, Kim Y, Lee J, Lee H, Kim S, Choi Y, Oh H, Lee Y, Park E, Kang J, Yoon Y, Int. J. Food Sci. Microbiology, 339, 109014 (2021)
  98. Song Y, Ostermeyer GP, Du D, Lin Y, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 349, 130730 (2021)
  99. Ha J, Seo Y, Cho E, Choi S, Kim H, Yoon Y, J. Microbiol. Methods, 184, 106211 (2021)
  100. Zhao WB, Wang RT, Liu KK, Du MR, Wang Y, Wang YQ, Zhou R, Liang YC, Ma RN, Sui LZ, Lou Q, Hou L, Shan CX, Nano Res., 1 (2021)
  101. Du N, Chen M, Cui Y, Liu X, Li Y, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 350, 130825 (2021)
  102. Bahari D, Babamiri B, Salimi A, Salimizand H, Talanta, 221, 121619 (2021)
  103. Dai H, Yang C, Tong Y, Xu G, Ma X, Lin Y, Chen G, Chem. Commun., 48, 3055 (2012)
  104. Zhang S, Zang L, Zhang X, Dai H, Xu G, Zhang Q, Yang C, Lin Y, Electrochim. Acta, 196, 67 (2016)
  105. Wu Y, Wei P, Pengpumkiat S, Schumacher EA, Remcho VT, Anal. Chem., 87, 8510 (2015)
  106. Zhang L, Li L, Ma C, Ge S, Yan M, Bian C, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 799, 806 (2015)
  107. Wu Y, Wei P, Pengpumkiat S, Schumacher EA, Remcho VT, Anal. Methods, 8, 5398 (2016)
  108. Xu DD, Liu C, Li CY, Song CY, Kang YF, Qi CB, Lin Y, Pang DW, Tang HW, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 37606 (2017)
  109. Fang X, Li XQ, Wang H, Wu XM, Wang GL, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 257, 620 (2018)
  110. Kal-Koshvandi AT, Trends Anal. Chem., 128, 115920 (2020)
  111. Tang J, Kong B, Wu H, Xu M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao D, Zheng G, Adv. Mater., 25, 6569 (2013)
  112. He L, Wang T, An J, Li X, Zhang L, Li L, Li G, Wu X, Su Z, Wang C, CrystEngComm, 16, 3259 (2014)
  113. Wang S, Li C, Qian M, Jiang H, Shi W, Chen J, Lächelt U, Wagner E, Lu W, Wang Y, Huang R, Biomaterials, 141, 29 (2017)
  114. Nollmann C, Wimmenauer C, Fasbender S, Mayer S, Caddedu RP, Jäger P, Heinzel T, Haas R, RSC Adv., 11, 26303 (2021)
  115. Belperain S, Kang ZY, Dunphy A, Priebe B, Chiu NHL, Jia Z, Nanomaterials, 11, 1247 (2021)
  116. Butnarasu C, Pontremoli C, Moràn Plata MJ, Sansone E, Chinigò G, Fiorio Pla A, Barbero N, Visentin S, In 18th International Conference on Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies (NN21), pp. 1-1, 2021.
  117. Zheng L, Qi P, Zhang D, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 286, 206 (2019)
  118. DuMez R, Miyanji EH, Corado-Santiago L, Barrameda B, Zhou Y, Hettiarachchi SD, Leblanc RM, Skromne I, Drug Delivery, 28, 1281 (2021)
  119. Al-Hashimi BR, Omer KM, Rahman HS, Othman HH, Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. Biomolec. Spectr., 244, 118835 (2021)
  120. Aquino FT, Dalmônico GML, Nascimento MV, Wrasse E, de Aguiar KMFR, Carbon Lett., 1 (2021)
  121. Kumar JV, Kavitha G, Arulmozhi R, Arul V, Abirami N, RSC Adv., 11, 27745 (2021)
  122. Dwandaru WSB, Sari EK, Widyawidura W, Khaerudini DS, Pratidhina E, Agustin M, Purnamasari L, Silfiyani W, Yongga TA, Voprosy khimii I khimicheskoi tekhnologii, 4, 41 (2021)
  123. Zhang W, Sigdel G, Mintz KJ, Seven ES, Zhou Y, Wang C, Leblanc RM, Int. J. Nanomed., 16, 5003 (2021)
  124. Chatzimitakos TG, Pliatsika C, Chousidis I, Leonardos ID, Stalikas CD, Nanomaterials, 11, 483 (2021)
  125. Duman AN, Colak SG, Alas MO, Er O, Tuncel A, Ozturk I, Yurt F, Genc R, Ocakoglu K, Mater. Today Commun., 26, 102167 (2021)
  126. Bayda S, Amadio E, Cailotto S, Frión-Herrera Y, Perosa A, Rizzolio F, Nanoscale Adv., 3, 5183 (2021)
  127. Liu C, Zhang F, Hu J, Gao W, Zhang M, Front. Chem., 8, 1242 (2021)
  128. Verma NC, Yadav A, Rao C, Mishra PM, Nandi CK, J. Phys. Chem. C, 125, 1637 (2021)
  129. Ji DK, Reina G, Liang H, Zhang D, Guo S, Ballesteros B, Ménard-Moyon C, Li J, Bianco A, ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 4, 1467 (2021)
  130. Wang R, Ruan G, Sun Y, Zhao D, Yu H, Zhang CW, Li L, Liu J, Dyes Pigment., 191, 109383 (2021)
  131. Tandale P, Choudhary N, Singh J, Sharma A, Shukla A, Sriram P, Soni U, Singla N, Barnwal RP, Singh G, Kaur IP, Suttee A, Biochem. Biophys. Rep., 26, 100962 (2021)
  132. Getachew G, Korupalli C, Rasal AS, Chang JY, Compos. B Eng., 226, 109364 (2021)
  133. Chousidis I, Leonardos D, Stalikas I, Nanomaterials, 11, 483 (2021)
  134. Dhanush C, Sethuraman MG, Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. Biomolec. Spectr., 260, 119920 (2021)
  135. Liu C, Yang M, Hu J, Bao L, Tang B, Wei X, Zhao JL, Jin Z, Luo QY, Pang DW, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 12, 2727 (2021)
  136. Shi L, Bao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang G, Dong C, Shuang S, Analyst, 146, 1907 (2021)
  137. Shen Y, Wu T, Wang Y, Zhang SL, Zhao X, Chen HY, Xu JJ, Anal. Chem., 93, 4042 (2021)
  138. Mahani M, Pourrahmani-Sarbanani M, Yoosefian M, Divsar F, Mousavi SM, Nomani A, J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol., 62, 102342 (2021)
  139. Naik GG, Shah J, Balasubramaniam AK, Sahu AN, Nanomedicine, 16, 587 (2021)
  140. Song SY, Sui LZ, Liu KK, Cao Q, Zhao WB, Liang YC, Lv CF, Zang JH, Shang Y, Lou Q, Yang XG, Dong L, Yuan KJ, Shan CX, Nano Res., 14, 1 (2021)
  141. Zhao J, Long X, Zhou M, In Bio-Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy, 1295, 121 (2021)
  142. Wang K, Lu J, Li J, Gao Y, Mao Y, Zhao Q, Wang S, J. Control. Release, 339, 445 (2021)
  143. Bakier YM, Ghali M, Elkun A, Beltagi AM, Zahra WK, Mater. Res. Bull., 134, 111119 (2021)
  144. Wang X, Wang X, Yue Q, Xu H, Zhong X, Sun L, Li G, Gong Y, Yang N, Wang Z, Liu Z, Cheng L, Nano Today, 39, 101170 (2021)
  145. Kim D, Jo G, Chae Y, Subramani S, Lee BY, Kim EJ, Ji MK, Sim UK, Hyun H, Nanoscale, 13, 14426 (2021)
  146. Chen D, Li B, Lei T, Na D, Nie M, Yang Y, He Z, Wang J, J. Nanobiotechnol., 19, 1 (2021)
  147. Lv A, Chen Q, Zhao C, Li S, Sun S, Dong J, Li Z, Lin H, Chin. Chem. Lett., 32(12), 3653 (2021)
  148. Damera DP, Krishna V, Venuganti VVK, Nag A, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B-Biol., 225, 112335 (2021)
  149. Malla RR, Quantum dot nanobody-based theranostics for triple negative breast cancer, in: A Theranostic and Precision Medicine Approach for Female- Specific Cancers, Academic Press, pp. 91–103, 2021.
  150. Liu S, Zhang Y, Gao S, Fei T, Zhang T, Appl. Surf. Sci., 544, 148725 (2021)
  151. Zhang M, Zhai X, Ma T, Huang Y, Yan C, Du Y, Chem. Eng. J., 423 (2021)
  152. Kasouni AI, Chatzimitakos TG, Troganis AN, Stalikas CD, Mater. Today Commun., 26, 102019 (2021)
  153. Zhou D, Huang H, Yu J, Hu Z, Microchim. Acta, 188, 1 (2021)
  154. Zhang P, Sun B, Wu F, Zhang Q, Chu X, Ge M, Zhou N, Shen J, J. Mater. Sci., 56, 6411 (2021)
  155. Salleh A, Fauzi MB, Polymer, 13, 191 (2021)
  156. Hao X, Huang L, Zhao C, Chen S, Lin W, Lin Y, Zhang L, Sun A, Miao C, Lin X, Chen M, Weng S, Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Biomimetic Supramol. Syst., 123, 111971 (2021)
  157. Maruthapandi M, Saravanan A, Das P, Luong JHT, Gedanken A, Biotechnol. Adv., 53, 107843 (2021)
  158. Wang X, Lu Y, Hua K, Yang D, Yang Y, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 413, 1373 (2021)
  159. Dong C, Xu M, Wang S, Ma M, Akakuru OU, Ding H, Wu A, Zha Z, Wang X, Bi H, J. Nanobiotechnol., 19, 1 (2021)
  160. Wu LN, Yang YJ, Huang LX, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Gao YR, Lin LQ, Lei Y, Liu AL, Carbon, 186, 452 (2021)
  161. Shi W, Wang Q, Long Y, Cheng Z, Chen S, Zheng H, Huang Y, Chem. Commun., 47, 6695 (2011)
  162. Wang X, Qu K, Xu B, Ren J, Qu X, Nano Res., 4, 908 (2011)
  163. Ming H, Ma Z, Liu Y, Pan K, Yu H, Wang F, Kang Z, Dalton Trans., 41, 9526 (2012)
  164. Safavi A, Sedaghati F, Shahbaazi H, Farjami E, RSC Adv., 2, 7367 (2012)
  165. Shamsipur M, Safavi A, Mohammadpour Z, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 199, 463 (2014)
  166. Mohammadpour Z, Safavi A, Shamsipur M, Chem. Eng. J., 255, 1 (2014)
  167. Wu D, Deng X, Huang X, Wang K, Liu Q, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 13, 6611 (2013)
  168. Jangi SRM, Akhond M, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 339, 129901 (2021)
  169. Gao J, Zhang F, Xue H, Zhang L, Peng Y, Li X, Gao Y, Li N, Lei G, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 281, 119509 (2021)
  170. Liu Y, Wei J, Yan X, Zhao M, Guo C, Xu Q, Chin. Chem. Lett., 32, 861 (2021)
  171. Yi Z, Li X, Zhang H, Ji X, Sun W, Yu Y, Liu Y, Huang J, Sarshar Z, Sain M, Talanta, 222, 121663 (2021)
  172. Wang L, Jana J, Chung JS, Hur SH, Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. Biomolec. Spectr., 260, 119895 (2021)
  173. Li Y, Pan X, Xu X, Wu Y, Zhuang J, Zhang X, Zhang H, Lei B, Hu C, Liu Y, J. Hazard. Mater., 410, 124534 (2021)
  174. Xie SXL, Wang L, Zhu F, Zhao X, Yuan T, Liu Q, Chen X, Microchem. J., 160, 105718 (2021)
  175. Shim HS, Ko M, Jeong S, Shin SY, Park SM, Do YR, Song JK, J. Phys. Chem. C, 125, 9965 (2021)
  176. Omidi M, Yadegari A, Tayebi L, RSC Adv., 7, 10638 (2017)
  177. Chen LL, Zhao L, Wang ZG, Liu SL, Pang DW, Small, 2104567 (2021)
  178. Zhe F, Tang T, Wu T, Yu X, Yuhuang Z, Wang M, Junyan Z, Yanyun Y, Siyi C, Jing Z, Xiaoxiao F, Dan Z, Shengliang L, Mingxi Z, Jun Q, Light Sci. Appl., 10, 1 (2021)
  179. Wang ZHX, Jia M, Jin X, Lv Z, Dai M, Zhu K, Feng J, Ge X, Fu Z, J. Lumines., 243, 118652 (2022)
  180. Liu H, Mo L, Chen H, Chen C, Wu J, Tang Z, Guo Z, Hu C, Liu Z, Adv. Healthcare Mater., 2101448 (2021)
  181. Xie N, Hou Y, Wang S, Ai X, Bai J, Lai X, Zhang Y, Meng X, Wang X, Rev. Neurosci. (2021)
  182. Wang JYL, Morsch M, Lu Y, Shangguan P, Han L, Wang Z, Chen X, Song C, Liu S, Shi B, Tang BZ, Adv. Mater., 2106082 (2021)
  183. Ma X, Huang Y, Abedi SAA, Kim H, Davin TTB, Liu X, Yang WC, Sun Y, Liu SH, Yin J, Yoon J, Yang GF, CCS Chemistry, 1 (2021)
  184. Chen H, Cheng Z, Zhou X, Wang R, Yu F, Anal. Chem. (2021)
  185. Cui R, Sun W, Liu M, Shi J, Liu Z, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 49, 59164 (2021)
  186. Mahata MK, De R, Lee KT, Biomedicines, 9, 756 (2021)
  187. Wang Y, Xie Z, Wang X, Peng X, Zheng J, J. nanobiotechnol., 19, 1 (2021)
  188. Chen S, Fu J, Zhou S, Wu X, Tang S, Zhao P, Zhang Z, Microchem. J., 168 (2021)
  189. Mo S, Song Y, Lin M, Wang J, Zhang Z, Sun J, Guo D, Liu L, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 608, 2896 (2022)
  190. Yan R, Guo Z, Chen X, Tang L, Wang M, Miao P, Analyst, 146(21), 6450 (2021)
  191. Golchin J, Golchin K, Alidadian N, Ghaderi S, Eslamkhah S, Eslamkhah M, Akbarzadeh A, Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol., 45(6), 1069 (2017)
  192. Deng, Jianhui, Lu Q, Mi N, Li H, Liu M, Xu M, Tan L, Xie Q, Zhang Y, Yao S, Chemistry–A European J., 20(17), 4993 (2014)
  193. Li, Peipei, Wu C, Xu Y, Cheng D, Lu Q, Gao J, Yang W et al., Trends Anal. Chem., 131, 116007 (2020)
  194. Xu Y, Li P, Cheng D, Cuiyan W, Qiujun L, Yang W, Zhu X, J. Mater. Chem. B, 8(45), 10290 (2020)
  195. Zhang S, Huang N, Qiujun L, Liu M, Li H, Zhang Y, Yao S, Biosens. Bioelectron., 77, 1078 (2016)
  196. Zhang S, Liu X, Huang N, Qiujun L, Liu M, Li H, Zhang Y, Yao S, Electrochim. Acta, 211, 36 (2016)
  197. Zhu X, Zhao T, Nie Z, Liu Y, Yao S, Anal. Chem., 87(16), 8524 (2015)
  198. Khan S, Dunphy A, Anike MS, Belperain S, Patel K, Norman Chiu HL, Jia Z, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22(13), 6786 (2021)