Langmuir, Vol.13, No.22, 5979-5990, 1997
Dewetting of Mica Induced by Simple Organic Ions - Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study
Aqueous solutions of organic electrolytes for which either the cation or anion contain hydrocarbon moieties form finite contact angles on freshly cleaved mica. After electrolytes are spread on the surface, a solution then recedes spontaneously to take up an equilibrium contact angle value. Among electrolytes studied which show the effect are tetraethylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, and sodium acetate. Concentrated solutions of such low molecular weight dissociating organic compounds form ideal lenses that exhibit no contact angle hysteresis and slide on mica without friction if the plate is tilted. From equilibrium contact angle and the surface tension measurements, wetting tension isotherms were obtained. interpreted as surface pressure difference isotherms, these were converted into adsorption difference isotherms. The dewetting can then be shown to occur because the organic ion adsorbs preferentially at the mica-air interface. A monolayer of close packed tetrabutylammonium cations is deposited behind the receding liquid front at solution concentrations as low as 10(-4) M and at higher concentrations for smaller ions. The ions desorb when the solution advances onto the surface. The layer readsorbs again on the areas from which the liquid has receded. The rate of adsorption is controlled by the rate of diffusion of the solute to the three-phase line. Equilibration times are less than a second at high concentrations. At smaller concentrations this adsorption becomes the limiting factor that reduces the rate at which the receding angle increases to equilibrium. But even here, equilibration times do not exceed several minutes. Desorption from areas onto which the solution has advanced is fast. The advancing angle equals the equilibrium angle at all concentrations unless the spreading occurs on to areas of the mica which were never in contact with the solution. The initial spreading onto clean areas proceeds at a faster rate than the rate of adsorption. This ultimate rate, controlled by inertia/viscosity, is the same for water and solutions. A characteristic reoscillation occurs, with a rapid decrease of the contact angle and subsequent increase to the equilibrium value, at a rate controlled by adsorption. The dewetting effects of simple organic ions are similar to those of long chain surfactants. But equilibrium angles are smaller, and the equilibration is orders of magnitude faster than in the case of surfactants.