The phase behavior and microstructure of aqueous mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C(16)TAB) and sodium perfluorohexanoate (FC5) were investigated as a function of total surfactant concentration, mixing ratio, and temperature. The aggregation behavior of both the pure components and several mixtures was studied via surface tension experiments, and analysis of the results using the regular solution model yielded a beta value of -19.4, indicating highly nonideal mixing. The evolution of phase behavior from the FC5-water binary axis with the addition of C16TAB was of particular interest. Below the critical micelle concentration or cmc of FC5 (5.70 wt %), the addition of small amounts of C16TAB leads to the formation of large structures, including vesicles, between surfactant concentrations of 2 and 4 wt %. Above the cmc, FC5 forms small globular micelles in solution. The addition of C16TAB to the FC5 micelles leads to an increase in viscosity and eventually phase separation into two rodlike micellar solutions, one enriched in FC5 and the other enriched in C16TAB. The microscopic structure of the vesicles and micelles was probed using small-angle neutron scattering, and the experimental data was analyzed with two complimentary methods. The vesicles were found to be polydisperse with average sizes ranging from 500 to 800 Angstrom (determined from light scattering) and a bilayer thickness of about 29 Angstrom. Consistent with the viscosity results, neutron-scattering measurements showed that the rodlike micelles undergo one-dimension growth and become more flexible near the phase boundary. Results from an indirect transform of the scattered intensity indicate that near the center of the aggregate cross section there is a region consisting solely of the hydrocarbon surfactant.