This paper presents a review of the advances in the microwave treatment of minerals from the early stages of development to possibilities for future utilisation. Many different applications are considered, including fundamental heating rate studies, microwave assisted grinding, possible exploitation in the area of extractive metallurgy and also microwave treatment of coal. Conclusions are presented regarding the need for further fundamental and pilot scale data. Further indications of the potential for the commercial exploitation of microwaves within the mineral processing and extractive metallurgical industries have been included.