Induction of submerged conidiation of Penicillium oxalicum has been examined using a range of synthetic and complex media and complex media supplemented with by-products of the brewing industry. Only one method (Morton’s method), consisting of growth in a glucose/salts-based medium (C:N ratio 62.5, medium A) for 24 h and then transference to the same medium without a nitrogen source (medium B), induced conidiation. Levels of sporulation were significantly (P = 0.05) increased by addition of calcium or poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 to medium B. The optimum age for transference of the mycelium was 24 h and the optimum pH was 6. Calcium was an induction factor when added to medium A (C:N ratio 62.5) of Morton’s method. It was concluded that nitrogen depletion and calcium addition to a medium with high C:N ratio are the factors inducing conidiation of P. oxalicum. Maximum levels of conidiation (35 x 10(6) spores ml(-1)) were obtained when the nitrogen level in medium A of Morton’s method was further reduced (C:N ratio 142.9) and calcium (20 mM) was added. These results are the essential starting point to investigate liquid fermentation systems for the biocontrol agent P. oxalicum.