Recent studies aimed at the development of macrocyclic oligomers as the intermediates for the preparation of high-performance polymers are reviewed. Efficient methods for the preparation of a range of cyclic oligomers, such as aryl ether ketones, aryl ether phthalazines, aryl ether isoquinolines, aryl ether phthalazinones, and arylene sulfides, have been developed. Cyclization was achieved via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction under high-dilution conditions. The cyclic aryl ether oligomers undergo a facile ring-opening polymerization to form high molecular weight polymer. Cyclic oligomers containing an aromatic sulfide linkage also undergo a facile free-radical ring-opening polymerization to form high molecular weight polymers which can be amorphous or crystalline. Due to their low molecular weights, these cyclic oligomers have very low melt viscosities which makes them attractive intermediates for a variety of applications for which the conventionally prepared high molecular weight polymers would not be suitable.