Renewable Energy, Vol.12, No.4, 401-408, 1997
Investigation of solar radiation in Botswana and some anomalous phenomena observed
Daily global insolation on a horizontal surface in Botswana is recorded continuously at several synoptic stations and at the University of Botswana's Physics Department. Over a number of years, daily total insolation on a tilted. surface (beta = -30 degrees) was recorded at the Botswana Technology Centre. Hourly, and instantaneous direct normal, global, diffuse and UV-components are continuously recorded at the University of Botswana, All these measurements are done with standard EPLAB equipment. It is found out that the instantaneous direct normal radiation at Solar noon can be as high as 1150 W.m(-2); and that at 30 min before sunset it can be above 600 W.m(-2); and it can also be as high as 100 W.m(-2) at sunset or sunrise moments (i.e. with half of the solar disk under the horizon). Daily direct normal solar radiation can exceed 45 MJ.m(-2); Mean daily global radiation varies from 31 MJ.m(-2) in December to 16 MJ.m(-2) in June. Such big values of daily direct normal and global radiation are explained by low humidity and low turbidity. Cases of an anomalous phenomenon which lead to an abnormally big phase shift when direct normal radiation is increasing greatly after Solar noon are observed, and discussed. It is also found that when humidity is low and visibility is high, hourly I-g values recorded with a pyranometer can be less than I-bn (cos theta(z)) + I-d-values. This discrepancy could be quite common for regions where humidity and turbidity are low. The trend in the behaviour of the UV-component during the last five years is also analyzed and discussed. The conclusion is made that the ozone layer over Botswana is continuously being depleted.
Keywords:GABORONE