Solid State Ionics, Vol.82, No.3-4, 143-151, 1995
Lithium Insertion in Manganese Oxides - A Model Lithium Ion System
A model lithium ion system, based on the manganese oxide, LixMn2O4, has been used to study the reversibility of the lithium insertion processes in both the approximate 3 V and 4 V versus Li/Li+ voltages ranges. We have used the half-cell voltage responses for the Li1-xMn2O4 and Li1+xMn2O4 electrodes to predict the voltage profile for the symmetrical Li1-xMn2O4/Li1+xMn2O4 lithium ion cell. The relatively large voltage hysteresis between cathodic and anodic waves for this cell was considered to be most likely due to the concurrent cubic to tetragonal symmetry change occurring for the electrode cycling over the lower voltage range. Impedance measurements confirm that the Li1+xMn2O4 electrode appears to possess significantly inferior electrochemical properties to the electrode covering the higher voltage range. Slow rate cycling indicated that the cell demonstrates a discharge capacity which corresponds to a material utilization figure of around 101 mAh/g for each of the manganese oxide electrodes (i.e. x = 0.68, assuming the cycling of x = 1 in Li1+xMn2O4 or Li1-xMn2O4 corresponds to a specific capacity of 148 mAhr/g). Representative LiMn2O4/LiMn2O4 cells were cycled between pre-set voltage limits of +/- 1.5 V and +/- 2.5 V at a current density rate of +/- 0.2 mA/cm(2). Over extended cycling periods, the cells, regardless of the precise cycling voltage limits, exhibited declining discharge capacities.
Keywords:SPECTROSCOPY