The production of high specification, aluminium-based, electrolytic capacitors requires optimization of material composition and heat and surface treatments in order to maximize the area available for formation of the dielectric, anodic film. Commercial foils contain low additions of copper and lead in order to achieve this goal. The present study examines the effects of heat and surface treatments on aluminium foil containing either 50 or 1000 ppm bismuth, as a replacement for lead, by a combination of Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Heat treatment at 823 K results in segregation of bismuth to the surface regions of the foils, with enrichments in the range 4-8 x 10(14) Bi atoms cm(-2), localized mainly just beneath the thermal oxide, for the selected treatment conditions. The enrichment reduces following alkaline etching, to the range 1-4 x 10(14) Bi atoms cm(-)2. This level of enrichment is maintained during subsequent anodizing, with the enrichment partitioned between the metal and the outermost layers of the anodic films. The enrichment of the metal is about 4 x 10(13) Bi atoms cm(-)2. Electropolishing in perchloric acid solution eliminates the enrichment developed during the heat treatment, probably due to activation during the polishing process. The enrichment remains very low or negligible during subsequent anodizing. The general behaviours of bismuth and lead are similar in aluminium foils subject to the selected heat and surface treatments. However, additional studies are needed of tunnel etching to determine the feasibility of substitution of lead by bismuth in commercial foils.