This paper presents a review of some of the key methods of generating flow instabilities that have been implemented in membrane separation processes by various workers during the past few years (mainly the 1990s). The types and effects of incorporating these techniques are discussed based on the experimental and theoretical investigations in different applications, particularly, production of potable water from natural fresh water sources, water desalination, and purification of biological and organic solutions and suspensions. The main types of instabilities that are discussed are Dean vortices in helical hollow-fiber membranes, air sparging, novel backflushing techniques and cyclic feed operation. There is a substantial amount of data in the reviewed literature in support of improved performance and fouling prevention in the presence of flow instabilities.