화학공학소재연구정보센터
Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, Vol.43, No.2, 226-246, 1995
BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF UPPER CARBONIFEROUS CONODONT AND FORAMINIFER DISTRIBUTION, CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO
Upper Carboniferous strata of Moscovian to Gzhelian age comprise a thick succession of progradational carbonates that were mostly deposited in relatively shallow shelf or ramp environments. Two sections east and west of Blind Fiord that represent a spectrum of facies included in the Nansen Formation and correlative middle limestone and upper elastic member of the Canyon Fiord Formation are herein correlated on the basis of conodont and foraminiferal distribution as well as sequence stratigraphy. These strata form the broad regressive portion of a low-order Moscovian to Kasimovian sequence and the transgressive portion of an overlying low-order sequence, beginning in the latest Kasimovian or early Gzhelian. The zonation described in this paper is recognized in both sections with only very minor differences that are probably attributable to facies control. The conodont zonation has been correlated with comparable successions on the Russian Platform in order to determine ages. These zones include the following: Neognathodus spp. Zone (Upper Moscovian), Streptognathodus oppletus -Streptognathodus gracilis Zone (Kasimovian), Adetognathus lautus - Streptognathodus elegantulus Zone (upper Kasimovian), Streptognathodus simulator - Idiognathodus sp.cf. I. lobatus Zone (lower Gzhelian), and Streptognathodus nodulinearis Zone (Gzhelian). Two small foraminifer zones are also recognized and include the Kasimovian Hemigordius - Nodosinelloides -Protonodosaria Zone and the Gzhelian Pseudovidalina Zone. A position corresponding to a third-order maximum flooding surface is marked by a significant change in the small foraminifer fauna that is provisionally correlated with the Moscovian/Kasimovian boundary At this level, three genera, Hemigordius, Protonodosaria and Nodosinelloides appear simultaneously with Pseudofusulinella. Nodosinelloides disappears progressively into the Kasimovian but reappears sparsely in the Asselian (Lower Permian) and becomes more abundant in the Sakmarian, whereas Hemigordius is present through most of the interval. Depending on the facies, Protonodosaria could be present or absent throughout the Kasimovian. Asselodiscus, the ancestor of Pseudovidalina, is relatively rare in the Moscovian and generally becomes more abundant in facies correlated with the Kasimovian. The absence of clear ancestors in the Moscovian for Hemigordius, Protonodosaria and Nodosinelloides makes this boundary puzzling in terms of small foraminifer evolution. In contrast, the basal Kasimovian represents a continuation of a Lineage of Streptognathodus species marked by the appearance of S. oppletus, S. elegantulus and S. gracilis, as well as the extinction of the conodont genus Neognathodus. The different trends exhibited by the conodonts and small foraminifers appear to complement each other. The lack of a significant shift in biofacies or lithofacies and the continuous nature of the conodont lineage across the lower boundary indicates that the major influx of foraminifer genera is an evolutionary event, not controlled by environmental changes. The top of the Kasimovian (base of Gzhelian) is locally defined by the appearance of rare Pseudovidalina; the scarcity of the genus makes this boundary difficult to recognize with foraminifers. Streptognathodus elegantulus becomes rare in the upper Kasimovian and then disappears within the Gzhelian, near the introduction of the distinctive Streptognathodus nodulinearis. This biostratigraphic boundary correlates with a major low-order sequence boundary as recognized in the Canadian Arctic. Facies control appears to variably affect the distribution of small foraminifers and conodonts. Protonodosaria and Asselodiscus are found mostly within a mixed siliciclastic carbonate facies, whereas Nodosinelloides, Hemigordius and Pseudovidalina occur most commonly in pure carbonates. The abundance and diversity of Streptognathodus decreases throughout the interval correlated with the Kasimovian and is generally absent in the upper part, where only rare Adetognathus specimens are found, confirming the shallow shelf or ramp setting and making correlations at this level difficult to resolve consistently.