The reconstructions of the InP(001) surface prepared by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied with in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The growth chamber contains a highly accurate temperature measurement system and uses a solid-source, cracked phosphorus, valved effusion cell. Five InP(001) reconstructions are observed with RHEED by analyzing patterns in three principal directions. Under a fixed P-2 flux, decreasing the substrate temperature gives the following reconstructions: c(2 X 8), (2 X 4), (2 X 1), (2 X 2), and c(4 x 4). In situ STM images reveal that only two of these reconstructions yields long-range periodicity in real space. InP(001) does not form the metal rich (4 x 2) reconstruction, which is surprising because the (4 X 2) reconstruction has been coined the universal surface reconstruction since all III-V(001) surfaces were thought to favor its formation.