Interfacial adhesion and nondestructive behavior of the electrodeposited (ED) carbon fiber reinforced composites were evaluated using the electro-micromechanical technique and acoustic emission (AE). Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the ED carbon fiber/epoxy composites was higher than that of the untreated case. This might be expected because of the possible chemical and hydrogen bonding based on an electrically adsorbed polymeric interlayer. Logarithmic electrical resistivity of the untreated single-carbon fiber composite increased suddenly to infinity when the fiber fracture occurred, whereas that of the ED composite increased relatively broadly up to infinity. This may be due to the retarded fracture time as a result of the enhanced IFSS. In single- and 10-carbon fiber composites, the number of AE signals coming from the interlayer failure of the ED carbon fiber composite was much larger than that of the untreated composite. As the number of each first fiber fracture increased in the In-carbon fiber composite, the electrical resistivity increased stepwise, and the slope of logarithmic electrical resistance increased. In the three-graphite filament composite with a narrow 1 time inter-filament distance, the total numbers of the filament fracture and the IFSS were smaller than those of the wider 5 times case. This might be because the interacting fracture energy caused by a filament break could affect the adjacent filaments.