The inoculation of legumes with rhizobia is used to maximise nitrogen fixation and enhance the plant yield without using N fertilisers, For this reason many inoculant types were developed and optimised. In our study, the effects of the growth medium, the carrier, the temperature and the storage period were determined on the survival of Sinorhizobium meloliti. Secondary sludge from Communaute Urbaine de Quebec wastewater treatment plant and standard medium (YMB) were used for rhizobial growth. Dehydrated sludge from Jonquiere wastewater treatment plant, peat and a mixture of peat and sludge were used as carrier materials. Results showed that the wastewater sludge offered better protection for rhizobia survival during freezing and thawing at -20 degreesC than the standard medium. In general, results also showed the suitability of using sludge as a carrier because it had the same or a higher potential than peat to support survival of S. meliloti. In the case of YMB-grown rhizobia, peat- and sludge-based carriers appeared to be similar in terms of survival rate during the storage at 4 and 25 degreesC. For secondary sludge-grown rhizobia, the survival was better in sludge than in peat based carrier. Generally, the cell count remained higher than 10(8) cells/g for up to 80 days at 4 and 25 degreesC in both carriers (Sludge and peat). However, for the secondary sludge-grown cells stored in peat-based carrier at 4 degreesC, the viable cells decreased under 10(8) cells/g at the 81st day of storage but remained acceptable compared to the standard (10(7) cells/g of carrier).