The effects of different surface modifications on the adhesion of copper to a liquid-crystalline polymer (LCP) were investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact-angle measurements, and pull tests. High pull-strength values were achieved when copper was sputter-deposited onto plasma and reactive-ion-etching (RIE)-pretreated LCP surfaces. The values were comparable to the reference pull strengths obtained with laminated copper on the LCP. The adhesion was relatively insensitive to the employed feed gas in the pretreatments. The surface characterizations revealed that for RIE and plasma treatments, the enhanced adhesion was attributable to the synergistic effects of the increased surface roughness and polar component of the surface free energy of the polymer. However, if the electroless copper deposition was performed on RIE- or plasma-treated surfaces, very poor adhesion was measured. Good adhesion between the LCP substrate and electrolessly deposited copper was achieved only in the case of wet-chemical surface roughening as a result of the creation of a sufficient number of mechanical interlocking sites, together with a significant loss of oxygen functionalities, on the surface. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.