Some Physical Characteristics and Heavy Metal Analyses of Cotton Gin Waste for Potential Use as an Alternative Fuel

Sungsoo Kim; Sun Ku Park; Kenneth E. Daugherty

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol.21, No.3, 640-646, May, 2004

DOI10.1007/BF02705499 Export Citation

Some Physical Characteristics and Heavy Metal Analyses of Cotton Gin Waste for Potential Use as an Alternative Fuel

Sungsoo Kim^{1, 2, †}, Sun Ku Park³, and Kenneth E. Daugherty^{1, 4}

¹Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
²Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, USA
³National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-170, Korea
⁴The KEDS, Inc., P.O. Box 2502, Oak Harbor, WA 98277, USA

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The use of cotton gin waste as a fuel is an attractive solution to the problems of disposing of a surplus agricultural waste as well as supplementing energy resources. Because a qualified alternative fuel must meet both environmental emission standards and industrial fuel standards, the physical characteristics of cotton gin waste and its toxic element concentrations are important for its initial objective evaluation as a fuel. Constituent components, moisture contents, and ash contents of four separate parts of cotton gin waste were determined and evaluated, closely following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test methods. The three most toxic heavy metals, arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb), chosen for quantitative analyses were also determined by using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and a microwave oven sample digestion method. This study revealed that the lint component is the leading candidate for fuel, which closely meets both environmental emission and industrial fuel standards.

Keywords:Cotton Gin Waste;Fuel;Heavy Metals;Environmental Emission Standards;Industrial Fuel Standards

[References]

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Columbus EP, Morris NM, Rayburn ST, Trans. A.S.A.E., 27, 546 (1984)
Glad EH, Johnson MD, Meyer LA, "Cotton Ginning Charges, Harvesting Practices, and Selected Marketing," An Economic Research Service Report, USDA, March (1995)
Gordon E, Keisling TC, Oliver LR, Harris C, Common. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 32, 491 (2001)
Griffin AC, Trans. A.S.A.E., 19, 156 (1976)
Griffin AC, Trans. A.S.A.E., 19, 167 (1976)
Hughs SE, Wakelyn PJ, Rousselle MA, Trans. A.S.A.E., 40, 1685 (1997)
Hughs SE, Wakelyn PJ, Rousselle MA, Columbus EP, Trans. A.S.A.E., 40, 519 (1997)
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National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA, Cotton Ginnings, May (2002)
Newsletter from Pellet Fuels Institute, March-April, 12 (1995)
Parnell CB, Emino ER, Grubaugh EK, Agricultural Eng., 61, 21 (1980)
Pendleton AM, Moore VP, "Ginning Cotton to Preserve Fiber Quality," ESC-560, Federal Extension Service, USDA, 19 (1967)
Perkins HH, Brushwood DE, Text. Chem. Colorist, 25, 31 (1993)
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Public Information from Sandia National Laboratory, "Chromium Background Soil Level," U.S.A. (2003)
Reddell DL, Parnell CB, March T, Hansford D, "Composting Cotton Gin Trash," Annual Board of Directors Meeting, Texas Cotton Ginners Association, Lubbock, Texas (1975)
Seiber JN, Winterlin WL, Ferguson M, McChesney M, Curley RG, Hills DV, McCutcheon OD, "Report to Cotton Inc.," 21 (1979)
Shafizadeh F, Adv. Carbohyd. Chem., 23, 419 (1968)
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Williams TD, Executive Director, Texas Cotton Ginners Association, Personal Communication with the Author (2002)
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[1] Alberson DM, Hurst WD, "Composting Cotton Gin Waste," USDA, Agricultural Research Service (1964)

[2] Columbus EP, Morris NM, Rayburn ST, Trans. A.S.A.E., 27, 546 (1984)

[3] Glad EH, Johnson MD, Meyer LA, "Cotton Ginning Charges, Harvesting Practices, and Selected Marketing," An Economic Research Service Report, USDA, March (1995)

[4] Gordon E, Keisling TC, Oliver LR, Harris C, Common. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 32, 491 (2001)

[5] Griffin AC, Trans. A.S.A.E., 19, 156 (1976)

[6] Griffin AC, Trans. A.S.A.E., 19, 167 (1976)

[7] Hughs SE, Wakelyn PJ, Rousselle MA, Trans. A.S.A.E., 40, 1685 (1997)

[8] Hughs SE, Wakelyn PJ, Rousselle MA, Columbus EP, Trans. A.S.A.E., 40, 519 (1997)

[9] Lalor WJ, Smith ML, "Use of Ginning Waste as an Energy Source," Proceedings of the 1977 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management Conference, Cotton Incorporated, Raleigh, North Carolina, and Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 449 (1977)

[10] LePori WA, Schacht OB, Lam KY, Lacewell RD, Oursbourn CD, "Agricultural Residues: Resources for Energy in Texas," Joint Southeast-Southwest Regional Meeting American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Houston, Texas, February 5-8 (1978)

[11] Miller CS, Hoover WL, Price JD, "Pesticide Residues in Cotton Gin Wastes," Texas Agricultural Exp. Sta., MP No. 1184, College Station, Texas (1975)

[12] National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA, Cotton Ginnings, May (2002)

[13] Newsletter from Pellet Fuels Institute, March-April, 12 (1995)

[14] Parnell CB, Emino ER, Grubaugh EK, Agricultural Eng., 61, 21 (1980)

[15] Pendleton AM, Moore VP, "Ginning Cotton to Preserve Fiber Quality," ESC-560, Federal Extension Service, USDA, 19 (1967)

[16] Perkins HH, Brushwood DE, Text. Chem. Colorist, 25, 31 (1993)

[17] Public Information from Sandia National Laboratory, "Arsenic Background Soil Level," U.S.A. (2003)

[18] Public Information from Sandia National Laboratory, "Chromium Background Soil Level," U.S.A. (2003)

[19] Reddell DL, Parnell CB, March T, Hansford D, "Composting Cotton Gin Trash," Annual Board of Directors Meeting, Texas Cotton Ginners Association, Lubbock, Texas (1975)

[20] Seiber JN, Winterlin WL, Ferguson M, McChesney M, Curley RG, Hills DV, McCutcheon OD, "Report to Cotton Inc.," 21 (1979)

[21] Shafizadeh F, Adv. Carbohyd. Chem., 23, 419 (1968)

[22] Shafizadeh F, Adv. Carbohyd. Chem., 23, 448 (1968)

[23] Williams TD, Executive Director, Texas Cotton Ginners Association, Personal Communication with the Author (2002)

[24] Winterlin WL, McChesney MM, Schoen SR, Seiber JN, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes, B21, 507 (1986)