Manufacture of Chlorine Dioxide from Sodium Chlorite: Process Chemistry

Bal Raj Deshwal; Hyung Keun Lee

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.11, No.1, 125-136, January, 2005

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Manufacture of Chlorine Dioxide from Sodium Chlorite: Process Chemistry

Bal Raj Deshwal, and Hyung Keun Lee^{1, †}

Department of Chemistry, A. I. J. H. M. College, Rohtak-124001, India
¹Flue Gas Treatment Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 305-600, Korea

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Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has emerged as a highly efficient chemical agent for bleaching, oxidation, and disinfection. Various fundamental studies have been performed to investigate the reaction kinetics and the mechanism of ClO2 production. These studies have led to improvements in the manufacturing processes and to the optimization of reaction conditions to provide a better yield and the rational utilization of raw materials. In this comprehensive review, various aspects of process chemistry in the manufacture of ClO2 from sodium chlorite are reported. This Knowledge will be useful for improving the current processes and for developing a more advanced process in the future.

Keywords:Chlorine dioxide;sodium chlorite;manufacture;processes;mechanism

[References]

Hoehn RC, Rosenblatt AA, Gates DJ, Considerations for Chlorine-dioxide Treatment of Drinking Water, Conference Proceedings, AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference, Boston, MA (1996)
Aieta E, Berg JD, J. AWWA, 78, 62 (1986)
Pryke DC, Reeve DW, TAPPI J., 80, 153 (1997)
Khanna N, Head TD, Lowery BD, U. S. Patent No., 6,132,748 (2000)
Davy H, Phil. Trans., 105, 214 (1815)
Davy H, Trans. Roy. Soc. (London), 101, 155 (1811); 105, 214 (1815)
Millon NAE, Ann. Chim. Phys., 3, 298 (1843)
Becher W, U. S. Patent 1,904,190 (1933)
Calvert FC, Davies E, J. Chem. Soc., 11, 193 (1859)
Schacherl G, Ann., 206, 68 (1881)
Reychler MA, Bull. Soc. Chim., 25, 659 (1901)
Levi GR, Atti. Accad. Lincei, 31, 371 (1922)
Levi GR, Gazz. Chim. Ital., 52, 56 (1922)
Deshwal BR, Lee HK, J. Hazard. Mater., B108, 173 (2004)
Deshwal BR, Lee HK, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 10(4), 667 (2004)
Thurnlackh G, Ann, 209, 207 (1881)
Erbe F, German Patent, 744,369 (1944)
Holst G, Ind. Eng. Chem., 42, 2359 (1950)
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st Edn., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1990)
Latimer WM, Oxidation Potentials, Prentice-Hall, New York (1938)
Bohmlander F, Wasser Abwasser, 104, 518 (1963)
Buser W, Hanisch H, Helv. Chim. Acta, 35, 2547 (1952)
Kieffer RG, Gordon G, Inorg. Chem., 7, 239 (1968)
Kieffer RG, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Maryland, U. S. (1967)
Launer HF, Tomimatsu Y, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2591 (1954)
Nabar GM, Shenai VA, Sundaram S, Indian J. Technol., 2, 7 (1964)
Nakamori I, Takasaki T, Hirai T, Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 78, 771 (1957)
Taube H, Dodgen H, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71, 3330 (1949)
Taylor MC, White JF, Vincent GP, Cunningham GL, Ind. Eng. Chem., 32, 899 (1940)
Deshwal BR, Lee HK, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 82, 1 (2004)
Hong CC, Rapson WH, Can. J. Chem., 46, 2053 (1968)
Launer HF, WIlson WK, Flyun JH, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U. S.), 51, 237 (1953)
Nakamori I, Takasaki T, Hirai T, Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 59, 604 (1956)
Stitt F, Friedlander S, Lewis HJ, Young FE, Anal. Chem., 26, 1478 (1954)
White JF, Taylor MC, Vincent GP, Ind. Eng. Chem., 34, 782 (1942)
Barnett B, Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, U. S. (1935)
Glabisz U, Rocz. Chem., 39, 141 (1965)
Glabisz U, Minczewski J, Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 9, 131 (1964)
Emmenegger F, Gordon G, Inorg. Chem., 6, 633 (1967)
Bray WC, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 48, 217 (1906)
Bray WC, Z. Phys. Chemie-Int. J. Res. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 54, 569 (1906)
Cunningham GL, Losch BJ, U.S. Patent 2,043,284 (1936)
Naito T, Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 65, 1016 (1962)
Levi GR, Tabet M, Gazz.Chim. Ital., 65, 1138 (1935)
Kepinski J, Blaszkiewicz G, Talanta, 13, 357 (1966)
Logan JO, (Mathieson Alkali Works), U. S. Patent 2,131,447 (1938)
Demers LD, Renner R, Alternative Disinfectant Technologies for small Drinking Water Systems, AWWARF, Denver, CO (1992)
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Pitochelli A, Chlorine-dioxide Generation Chemistry, Conference Proceedings, Third International Symposium, Chlorine dioxide: Drinking Water, Process Water, and Wastewater Issues, New Orleans, LA (1995)
Tang T, Gordon G, Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, 212 (1984)
Aieta EM, Roberts PV, Environ. Sci. Technol., 20, 50 (1986)
Peintler G, Nagypal I, Epstein I, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 2954 (1990)
Flis IE, Mischenko KP, Salnis KY, Zh. Prikl. Khim., 32, 284 (1959)
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Yin GH, Ni YH, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 76(5), 921 (1998)
Yin G, Ni Y, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 76(2), 248 (1998)
Oechsli W, Z. Elektrochem., 9, 807 (1903)
Deshwal BR, Lee HK, Jin DS, Unpublished Results.
Aston B, U. S. Patent 2,436,134 (1948)
Masschelein W, Ind. Eng. Chem., 6, 137 (1967)
Demek M, Edgewood Arsenal, Unpublished Results (1965)
Farbenfabriken Bayer, British Patent 692,763 (1953)
Bayer F, Chem. Abstr., 48, 4190b (1954)
Saito S, Japanese Patent 1866 (1956)
Saito S, Chem Abstr., 6404b (1957)
Granstorm ML, Lee GF, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 50, 1453 (1958)
Kuke F, U. S. Patent 6,171,485 (2001)
Logan JO, U. S. Patent 2,163,793 (1939)
Twardowski U. S. Patent 4,683,039 (1987)
Cowley G, Lipsztajn M, Ranger GJ, U. S. Patent 5,932,085 (1999)
Cowley G, Lipsztajn M, Ranger GJ, Schaible RK, Ttan TV, Lawless DF, U. S. Patent 5,965,004 (1999)
Roensch LF, Tribble RH, Hilliard D, U. S. Patent 6,436,345 B1 (2002)
Pitochelli AR, U. S. Patent 5,405,549 (1995)
Pitochelli AR, U. S. Patent 5,693,252 (1997)
Pitochelli AR, U. S. Patent 5,707,546 (1998)
Klatte F, Aamodt J, U. S. Patent 5,730,948 (1998)
Klatte F, Aamodt J, Biswell D, U. S. Patent 5,567,405 (1996)
Klatte F, Aamodt J, Biswell D, U. S. Patent 5,573,743 (1996)
Klatte F, U. S. Patent 5,885,543 (1999)
Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,174,508 B1 (2001)
Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,423,289 B1 (2002)
Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,503,419 B2 (2003)
Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,605,558 B2 (2003)
Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,635,230 B2 (2003)

[Referenced By]

[Related Articles]

[1] Hoehn RC, Rosenblatt AA, Gates DJ, Considerations for Chlorine-dioxide Treatment of Drinking Water, Conference Proceedings, AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference, Boston, MA (1996)

[2] Aieta E, Berg JD, J. AWWA, 78, 62 (1986)

[3] Pryke DC, Reeve DW, TAPPI J., 80, 153 (1997)

[4] Khanna N, Head TD, Lowery BD, U. S. Patent No., 6,132,748 (2000)

[5] Davy H, Phil. Trans., 105, 214 (1815)

[6] Davy H, Trans. Roy. Soc. (London), 101, 155 (1811); 105, 214 (1815)

[7] Millon NAE, Ann. Chim. Phys., 3, 298 (1843)

[8] Becher W, U. S. Patent 1,904,190 (1933)

[9] Calvert FC, Davies E, J. Chem. Soc., 11, 193 (1859)

[10] Schacherl G, Ann., 206, 68 (1881)

[11] Reychler MA, Bull. Soc. Chim., 25, 659 (1901)

[12] Levi GR, Atti. Accad. Lincei, 31, 371 (1922)

[13] Levi GR, Gazz. Chim. Ital., 52, 56 (1922)

[14] Deshwal BR, Lee HK, J. Hazard. Mater., B108, 173 (2004)

[15] Deshwal BR, Lee HK, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 10(4), 667 (2004)

[16] Thurnlackh G, Ann, 209, 207 (1881)

[17] Erbe F, German Patent, 744,369 (1944)

[18] Holst G, Ind. Eng. Chem., 42, 2359 (1950)

[19] CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st Edn., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1990)

[20] Latimer WM, Oxidation Potentials, Prentice-Hall, New York (1938)

[21] Bohmlander F, Wasser Abwasser, 104, 518 (1963)

[22] Buser W, Hanisch H, Helv. Chim. Acta, 35, 2547 (1952)

[23] Kieffer RG, Gordon G, Inorg. Chem., 7, 239 (1968)

[24] Kieffer RG, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Maryland, U. S. (1967)

[25] Launer HF, Tomimatsu Y, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2591 (1954)

[26] Nabar GM, Shenai VA, Sundaram S, Indian J. Technol., 2, 7 (1964)

[27] Nakamori I, Takasaki T, Hirai T, Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 78, 771 (1957)

[28] Taube H, Dodgen H, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71, 3330 (1949)

[29] Taylor MC, White JF, Vincent GP, Cunningham GL, Ind. Eng. Chem., 32, 899 (1940)

[30] Deshwal BR, Lee HK, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 82, 1 (2004)

[31] Hong CC, Rapson WH, Can. J. Chem., 46, 2053 (1968)

[32] Launer HF, WIlson WK, Flyun JH, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U. S.), 51, 237 (1953)

[33] Nakamori I, Takasaki T, Hirai T, Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 59, 604 (1956)

[34] Stitt F, Friedlander S, Lewis HJ, Young FE, Anal. Chem., 26, 1478 (1954)

[35] White JF, Taylor MC, Vincent GP, Ind. Eng. Chem., 34, 782 (1942)

[36] Barnett B, Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, U. S. (1935)

[37] Glabisz U, Rocz. Chem., 39, 141 (1965)

[38] Glabisz U, Minczewski J, Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 9, 131 (1964)

[39] Emmenegger F, Gordon G, Inorg. Chem., 6, 633 (1967)

[40] Bray WC, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 48, 217 (1906)

[41] Bray WC, Z. Phys. Chemie-Int. J. Res. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 54, 569 (1906)

[42] Cunningham GL, Losch BJ, U.S. Patent 2,043,284 (1936)

[43] Naito T, Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 65, 1016 (1962)

[44] Levi GR, Tabet M, Gazz.Chim. Ital., 65, 1138 (1935)

[45] Kepinski J, Blaszkiewicz G, Talanta, 13, 357 (1966)

[46] Logan JO, (Mathieson Alkali Works), U. S. Patent 2,131,447 (1938)

[47] Demers LD, Renner R, Alternative Disinfectant Technologies for small Drinking Water Systems, AWWARF, Denver, CO (1992)

[48] Thompson AL, Practical Considerations for Application of Chlorine dioxide in Municipal Water Systems, Conference proceedings, Chlorine dioxide Workshop, AWWARF, CMA, EPA, Denver, CO (1989)

[49] Pitochelli A, Chlorine-dioxide Generation Chemistry, Conference Proceedings, Third International Symposium, Chlorine dioxide: Drinking Water, Process Water, and Wastewater Issues, New Orleans, LA (1995)

[50] Tang T, Gordon G, Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, 212 (1984)

[51] Aieta EM, Roberts PV, Environ. Sci. Technol., 20, 50 (1986)

[52] Peintler G, Nagypal I, Epstein I, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 2954 (1990)

[53] Flis IE, Mischenko KP, Salnis KY, Zh. Prikl. Khim., 32, 284 (1959)

[54] Granstorm M, Israel BM, Snow W, Rutgers ML, The State University of New Jersey, U. S. (1964)

[55] Yin GH, Ni YH, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 76(5), 921 (1998)

[56] Yin G, Ni Y, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 76(2), 248 (1998)

[57] Oechsli W, Z. Elektrochem., 9, 807 (1903)

[58] Deshwal BR, Lee HK, Jin DS, Unpublished Results.

[59] Aston B, U. S. Patent 2,436,134 (1948)

[60] Masschelein W, Ind. Eng. Chem., 6, 137 (1967)

[61] Demek M, Edgewood Arsenal, Unpublished Results (1965)

[62] Farbenfabriken Bayer, British Patent 692,763 (1953)

[63] Bayer F, Chem. Abstr., 48, 4190b (1954)

[64] Saito S, Japanese Patent 1866 (1956)

[65] Saito S, Chem Abstr., 6404b (1957)

[66] Granstorm ML, Lee GF, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 50, 1453 (1958)

[67] Kuke F, U. S. Patent 6,171,485 (2001)

[68] Logan JO, U. S. Patent 2,163,793 (1939)

[69] Twardowski U. S. Patent 4,683,039 (1987)

[70] Cowley G, Lipsztajn M, Ranger GJ, U. S. Patent 5,932,085 (1999)

[71] Cowley G, Lipsztajn M, Ranger GJ, Schaible RK, Ttan TV, Lawless DF, U. S. Patent 5,965,004 (1999)

[72] Roensch LF, Tribble RH, Hilliard D, U. S. Patent 6,436,345 B1 (2002)

[73] Pitochelli AR, U. S. Patent 5,405,549 (1995)

[74] Pitochelli AR, U. S. Patent 5,693,252 (1997)

[75] Pitochelli AR, U. S. Patent 5,707,546 (1998)

[76] Klatte F, Aamodt J, U. S. Patent 5,730,948 (1998)

[77] Klatte F, Aamodt J, Biswell D, U. S. Patent 5,567,405 (1996)

[78] Klatte F, Aamodt J, Biswell D, U. S. Patent 5,573,743 (1996)

[79] Klatte F, U. S. Patent 5,885,543 (1999)

[80] Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,174,508 B1 (2001)

[81] Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,423,289 B1 (2002)

[82] Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,503,419 B2 (2003)

[83] Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,605,558 B2 (2003)

[84] Klatte F, U. S. Patent 6,635,230 B2 (2003)