Recent statistics show that currently 2.3 billion people live in water stressed areas and among them 1.7 billion live in water scarce areas. The situation is going to worsen further in the coming years. Better water conservation, water management, pollution control and water reclamation are all part of the solution to projected water stress. So too are new sources of fresh water, including seawater desalination. Desalination technologies have been now well established and the contracted capacity of the desalination plants worldwide is about 32.4 million m(3)/d. Interest in nuclear desalination is driven by the expanding global demand for fresh water, by concern about GHG emissions and pollutions from fossil fuels and in developments in small and medium sized reactors that might be more suitable than large power reactors. Among various utilization of nuclear energy for non-electrical products, using it for production of fresh water from seawater (nuclear desalination) has been drawing broad interest in IAEA Member States. IAEA has an active programme for supporting the activities on demonstration of nuclear seawater desalination in the Member States. These include optimisation of the coupling of nuclear reactors with desalination systems, economic research and assessment of nuclear desalination projects, development of software for the economic evaluation of nuclear desalination plants as well as fossil fuel based plants (DEEP). It also provides training to interested Member States in the above areas. It cooperates with various international organizations involved in promoting seawater desalination. The recent developments in nuclear desalination and its future role are discussed in this paper.