To ensure energy to meet needs for economic growth and sustainable development more emphasis should be given to energy efficiency, renewable energy and new technologies for both energy end-use and supply. One key technology is gasification of coal to produce liquid and gaseous fuels, and electricity. The overall conclusion is that there are plausible energy-technology strategies, well within reach if early action is taken, that would enable China to continue social and economic development through at least the next 50 years, while ensuring security of energy supply and improving local, regional and global environmental quality. Such desired energy futures will not happen in the present policy environment, and options to enhance the energy systems for sustainable development are discussed. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.