Chemical engineering is taught at German universities in three different types of curricula: chemical engineering proper, process engineering (＇＇Verfahrenstechnik＇＇), and industrial chemistry (＇＇Technische Chemie＇＇). Independent departments resp. faculties of chemical engineering exist at four universities. At other universities process engineering is offered as a complete curriculum with a smaller amount of chemistry than chemical engineering curricula, mostly by the departments of mechanical engineering. Industrial chemistry is an essential component of chemistry courses at most technical universities and optional subject at several classical universities. The cause of this diversity of approaches to chemical engineering can be traced back to the beginning of the production of high-value organics (dyes, pharmaceuticals) in Germany in the second half of the 19th century.