ZrO2 powders have been ground by ball mill grinder to achieve the particle size down to 10 nm. Typical defects introduced during ball mill grinding have been studied by positron annihilation lifetime measurement technique and coincidence Doppler broadened positron annihilation radiation spectroscopic technique. Coincidence Doppler broadened positron annihilation spectra for ball mill ground and unground ZrO2 samples have been analyzed by constructing ratio curve with defects free Al single crystal. Results indicate an increase of cation defects in ZrO2 samples due to the reduction of particle size by the ball mill grinding process. (c) 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.