In an attempt to balance energy barriers of hole and electron injection we prepared and characterized homopolymer containing electron-transporting 1,2-diphenylmaleimide chromophores (P1) and copolymers consisting of 1,2-diphenylmaleimide and hole-tran sporting 2,5-thiophene moieties (P2, P3) via dehalogenation polycondensation. The copolymers are amorphous materials with decomposition temperature greater than 450 degrees C. Absorption and fluorescence spectra were employed to investigate their optical properties both in solution and film state. Photoluminescence maxima of P1, P2 and P3 films are 564, 559 and 558 nm, respectively. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels have been estimated from their cyclic voltammograms. The HOMO levels of P1, P2, and P3 were readily raised with increasing thiophene content (-5.99, -5.59, and -5.43 eV, respectively), whereas their LUMO levels were very similar (-3.61 to -3.65 eV). Double-layer light-emitting diodes (AUPEDOT:PSS/P1-P3/ITO) were fabricated to evaluate their optoelectronic characteristics. Incorporation of thiophene units successfully reduced the turn-on electric field from 11.0 X 10(5) to 2.9 X 10(5) V/cm, but it decreased the luminescent efficiency and the maximum brightness. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.