Oxygen mass transfer in shake flasks is an important aspect limiting the culture of aerobic microorganisms. In this work, mass transfer of oxygen through a closure and headspace of shake flasks is investigated. New equations for prediction of k(G)a in shake flasks with closures are introduced. Using Pseudomonas putida, microbial growth on glucose (fast metabolism) and phenol (slow metabolism) in shake flasks with closures were studied, considering both substrate and oxygen restrictions. A combined model for oxygen mass transfer and microbial growth is shown to accurately predict experimental oxygen concentrations and oxygen yield factors during growth experiments more accurately than previous models. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.