We present a novel route to assemble thin films containing pH-responsive nanostructures of hydrophilic cylindrical domains oriented perpendicular to a silicon substrate. The amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA), is prepared from the precursor, poly(styrene-b-tert-butyl acrylate) (PSbPtBA), by an autocatalytic reaction involving surface hydroxyl groups. The surface morphology and evolution of the nanostructures in aqueous solutions over a pH range of 2.6-9.1 are captured by in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). The ordered PS-b-PAA films exhibit unique surface morphologies across three pH regimes. At low pH ( pH < 4.0) PAA chains collapse within the cylindrical domains, resulting in a hexagonal packed array of holes. At intermediate pH (4.0 < pH < 6.0) the PAA cylinders swell and transform into mushrooms with swollen caps. The height of these caps is pH-dependent, and dynamics are described by a two-stage swelling mechanism. At high pH ( pH > 6.0) PAA chains stretch strongly to cover the entire surface, leading to a continuous PAA wetting layer decorated by hexagonally packed depressions. The equilibrium film thickness increases as pH increases and is reversibly recovered upon decreasing pH. The water contact angle decreases by 30 as pH increases from 2.6 to 9.1, demonstrating that wettability can be tuned by varying the pH of the surrounding medium. Because of their pH-responsive behavior and small feature size, nanostructured devices designed from amphiphilic block copolymers have potential applications including sensors and membranes.