This paper examines the spatial distribution of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in 87 countries during the period 1960-1999. In order to overcome the methodological limitations of conventional convergence analysis, I have used a non-parametric approach which allows us to study the dynamics of the entire cross-section distribution. The results show that cross-country disparities in per capita carbon dioxide emissions decreased throughout the study period. In fact, the probability mass concentrated around the average increased over time, which helps to explain the observed reduction in the polarisation of the distribution under consideration. In any event, the intradistribution mobility level is relatively low. I have also investigated how far spatial differences in per capita carbon dioxide emission levels can be explained by factors such as per capita income, the degree of trade openness or climatic conditions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.