Conjugated polymers have an enormous range of potential applications and recent work shows how many of these can be realized practically. Encapsulation can offer advantages in terms of separating polymer chains to inhibit interchain effects, improving the mechanical, thermal, and chemical stabilities of the assemblies, and possibly allowing individual molecular wires to be addressed. The Figure shows a schematic representation of a polyrotaxane, i.e., a polymer threaded into a host tube and held in place by end caps.