X-ray ablation from surfaces plays an important role in chamber response for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) systems. Although similar in many respects to laser-induced ablation, X-ray ablation differs significantly in the mechanisms for energy deposition. Surface response differs for various materials, with some exhibiting kinetically limited surface vaporization, bubble nucleation and melt ejection, and solid surface spall This article introduces the experimental methods which have been developed to measure material removal depths, melt depths, and postirradiation surface characteristics which identify primary removal mechanisms. Results are discussed for three specific materials-fused silica, boron carbide, and aluminum-to illustrate the primary removal mechanisms. Combined with appropriate physical models, the experimental measurements allow accurate prediction of material X-ray response under conditions characteristic of ICF chambers.