The X protein (HBx) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is thought to compromise TFIIH function during hepatocyte nucleotide excision repair (NER) to cause the accumulation of hepatocarcinogenic mutations. The TFIIH holoenzyme, including XPB and XPD helicases, is absolutely required for transcription coupled (TCR) as well as global genome (GGR) NER pathways. Using an assay in which GGR carried Out by extracts of foetal hepatocytes is reconstituted, we found that incisions 5' and 3' to a defined cisplatin DNA lesion occurred normally in the presence of functional recombinant HBx. Moreover, HBx did not significantly impair synthesis of the repair patch that completes the NER pathway. These data indicate that HBx does not directly interrupt the function of TFIIH during GGR and suggest that any HBx-mediated inhibitory effect on TFIIH is a transcription-coupled event. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.