Neurofilaments are the major components of the neuronal cytoskeleton, and accumulations of these proteins are assocated with several important human diseases. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of bovine NF-M, the first NF-M cloned from a large domestic mammal. The bovine sequence proves to be generally more similar to that of human NFM than the previously described mammalian sequences, suggesting that bovine neurofilaments are a useful model for biochemical Studies of application to humans. However, we noted some unusual features within the 16 lys-ser-pro (KSP2) type phosphopeptide repeats and also note that the number of these repeats correlates well with the size of animal. We also characterized two in vitro calpain cleavage sites by direct peptide sequencing, finding that both are located in the glutamic acid rich E segment. Finally, we show biochemically that the more abundant and stable of these calpain fragments can also be detected in vivo. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.