Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a new tool for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of rTMS are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed mRNA expression changes of monoamine transporter (MAT) genes, which are targets for antidepressants and psycho stimulants. Following a 20-day rTMS treatment, these genes were found to be differentially expressed in the mouse brain. Down-regulation of serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA levels and the subsequent decrease in serotonin uptake and binding were observed after chronic rTMS. In contrast to the SERT changes, increased mRNA levels of dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) were observed. For NET, but not DAT, there were accompanying changes in uptake and binding. Similar effect on NET was observed in PC12 cells stimulated by rTMS for 15 days. These results indicate that modulation of MATs by chronic rTMS may be one therapeutic mechanism for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.