Mechanical forces can induce differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a process which requires activation of the MAP kinase p38. Currently, the identification of other phospho-kinases involved in myofibroblast differentiation has not been explored. We applied static tensile forces to rat cardiac fibroblasts via collagen-coated magnetite beads and examined activation of protein phospho-kinases by the Kinexus phospho-antibody screening system. Of 75 candidate protein kinases screened, 39 were detected and, of these, 31 phospho-kinases were analyzed. Following force application, 12 out of 31 phospho-kinases exhibited increases of phosphorylation including PKR (> 4-fold), MKK3 (3-fold), MKK6 (similar to 2-fold), and p38 (similar to 2-fold). In several types of mechanically sensitive, contractile fibroblasts including rat cardiac, human gingival, and Rat-2 fibroblasts, tensile forces increased eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation, a downstream effector of PKR. We conclude that phospho-antibody screening is an efficient method for discovery of novel mechanical force-induced phospho-kinases and force can activate eIF-2 alpha phospho-kinases in fibroblasts. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.