The present study examines the frequency of the two main HIE mutations (C282Y and H63D) in a randomly selected population of 346 individuals including 201 DNA samples from women with cervical neoplasia (including high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive squamous cell carcinoma) and a control population of 146 women from the same geographical area. We found a significantly lower risk of development of cervical neoplasia in H63D carriers (OR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.35-0.92-1 It - 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirms this observation (OR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.35-0.88, It = 0.01). Regarding the C282Y mutation no association was found (OR - 1.32; 95% CI 0.53-3.33; It = 0.52). In addition, a significant difference between H63D carrier and non-carrier women on the time-to-onset of cervical lesions was observed (log-rank test: p = 0.0012). These results indicate that HFE could be considered a candidate modifier gene of viral-related neoplasia such as cervical carcinoma possibly by a dual role on iron metabolism and immunological system. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.