Lens epithelial cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after injury as in cataract extraction, leading to fibrosis of the lens capsule. We have previously shown that EMT of primary lens epithelial cells in vitro depends on TGF-beta expression and more specifically, on signaling via Smad3. In this report, we suggest phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (P13K)/Akt signaling is also necessary for TGF-beta-induced EMT in lens epithelial cells by showing that LY294002, an inhibitor of the p110 catalytic subunit of P13K, blocked the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and morphological changes. We also identify Snail as an effector of TGF-beta-induced EMT. Snail has been shown to be a mediator of EMT during metastasis of cancer. We show that Snail is an immediate-early response gene for TGF-beta and the proximal Snail promoter is activated by TGF-beta through the action of Smad2, 3, and 4. We show that antisense inhibition of Snail expression blocks TGF-beta-induced EMT and furthermore Akt activation. All of these findings suggest that Snail participates in TGF-beta-induced EMT by acting upstream of Akt activation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.