Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) mediate RNA interference (RNAi), a process in which target mRNAs are degraded. Here, we have investigated the efficacy of preformed siRNAs to modulate the expression of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) in mammalian cells. We show that specific inhibition of PKCa and GFP can be achieved by in vitro transcribed siRNAs. Interestingly, a transcript harboring two self-complementary siRNAs interrupted by a single-stranded loop region inhibited both PKCalpha and GFP gene expression. These results suggest that the long transcript is processed by single-stranded ribonucleases and/or other proteins into two functional siRNAs. Incubation of the in vitro transcribed bispecific siRNA with protein extracts from HEK 293T cells yielded RNA duplexes similar to the synthetic single siRNA. Taken together, the present data indicate that in vitro transcribed siRNA can be useful for silencing gene expression. Additionally, bi- and perhaps poly-siRNAs may be expressed and processed in mammalian cells. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.