We previously reported that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) mRNA in rat epitrochlearis muscle was increased after swimming exercise training. In the present study. we demonstrated further that PGC-1 mRNA expression in the epitrochlearis muscle of 4-5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley, rats was increased after a 6-h acute bout of low-intensity swimming exercise. With this increase, the expression level was approximately 8-fold of control and immersion group rats that stayed for 6-h in warm water, maintained at the identical temperature of the swimming barrel (35degreesC) (p < 0.01). Second. PGC-1 mRNA expression in the muscle was found to have increased 6-h after 30 10-s tetani contractions were induced by, in vitro electrical stimulation. Finally. PGC-1 mRNA expression in the muscle incubated for 18-h with 0.5 mM 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR: a 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator) was elevated to approximately 3-fold of the control muscle (n = 6 p < 0.001). AMPK activity in epitrochlearis muscle after the swimming was also found to be elevated to approximately 4-fold of the pre-exercise value (p < 0.001). These results may. suggest that an acute bout of low-intensity prolonged swimming exercise directly enhances the PGC-1 mRNA expression in the activated muscle during exercise, possibly through, at least in part, an AMPK-related mechanism. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.