The aim of this study was to assess the scientific and engineering advancements of producing hydrogen from biomass via two thermochemical processes: (a) conventional pyrolysis followed by reforming of the carbohydrate fraction of the bio-oil and (b) gasification followed by reforming of the syngas (H-2 + CO). The yield from steam gasification increases with increasing water-to-sample ratio. The yields of hydrogen from the pyrolysis and the steam gasification increase with increasing of temperature. In general, the gasification temperature is higher than that of pyrolysis and the yield of hydrogen front the gasification is higher than that of the pyrolysis. The highest yields (% dry and ash free basis) were obtained from the pyrolysis (46%) and steam gasification (55%) of wheat straw while the lowest yields front olive waste. The yield of hydrogen from supercritical water extraction was considerably high (49%) at lower temperatures. The pyrolysis was carried out at the moderate temperatures and steam gasification at the highest temperatures. This study demonstrates that hydrogen call be produced economically front biomass. The pyrolysis-based technology, in particular because it has coproduct opportunities, has the most favorable economics.