Bacillus polymyxa can produce levo-butanediol, a potential biogradable anti-freeze, and ethanol, a fuel additive, using starch-based fermentations, To explore use of less expensive biomass fermentation substrates, we screened B. polymyxa strains for good growth on xylans. During aerobic growth on glucose, six selected xylanolytic strains produced mainly acetoin and butanediol plus lesser amounts of acetaldehyde and ethanol. Undesirable acetoin formation was eliminated by anaerobic growth on glucose, but substrate usage, butanediol, and other fermentation products were greatly reduced. High xylanase activity occurred with growth on xylans or corn fiber, and about 50-65% of oatspelt xylan and 25-35% of the corn fiber were used during aerobic growth, but unexpectedly no butanediol and only small levels of acetoin were produced. Aerobic growth on arabinose, arabinose plus glucose, or xylose plus glucose resulted in both acetoin and butanediol formation. Little or no butanediol was made from xylose alone. Growth on an acid hydrolysate of corn fiber that contained a mixture of these sugars resulted in the formation of acetoin, acetaldehyde, and ethanol, but very little butanediol. The data suggest B. polymyxa is limited in conversion of xylan-rich biomass sources or their hydrolysates to butanediol. This limitation might be overcome by using better cultivation conditions and/or genetically engineered strains.