The brain is unquestionably the most fascinating organ. Despite tremendous progress, current knowledge falls short of being able to explain its function. An emerging approach toward improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying brain function is neuroproteomics. Today's neuroscientists have access to a battery of versatile technologies both in transcriptomics and proteomics. The challenge is to choose the right strategy in order to generate new hypotheses on how the brain works. The goal of this review is therefore two-fold: first we recall the bewildering cellular, molecular, and functional complexity in the brain, as this knowledge is fundamental to any study design. In fact, an impressive complexity on the molecular level has recently re-emerged as a Central theme in large-scale analyses. Then we review transcriptomics and proteomics technologies, as both are complementary. Finally, we comment on the most widely used proteomics techniques and their respective strengths and drawbacks. We conclude that for the time being, neuroproteomics should focus on its strengths, namely the identification of posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions, as well as the characterization of highly purified subproteomes. For global expression profiling, emphasis should be put on further development to significantly increase coverage.