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Advanced Functional Materials, Vol.16, No.18, 2438-2446, 2006
Platinum binuclear complexes as phosphorescent dopants for monochromatic and white organic light-emitting diodes
Efficient blue-, green-, and red-light-emitting organic diodes are fabricated using binuclear platinum complexes as phosphorescent dopants. The series of complexes used here have pyrazolate bridging ligands and the general formula C'NPt(mu-pz)(2)(PtCN)-N-boolean AND (where (CN)-N-boolean AND = 2-(4',6'-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N, C-2' pz = pyrazole (1), 3-methyl-5-tert-butylpyrazole (2), and 3,5-bis(tert-butyl)pyrazole (3)). The Pt-Pt distance in the complexes, which decreases in the order 1 > 2 > 3, solely determines the electroluminescence color of the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Blue OLEDs fabricated using 8 % 1 doped into a 3,5-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene (mCP) host have a quantum efficiency of 4.3 % at 120 Cd m(-2), a brightness of 3900 Cd m(-2) at 12 V, and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.11, 0.24). Green and red OLEDs fabricated with 2 and 3, respectively, also give high quantum efficiencies (similar to 6.7 %), with CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.63) and (0.59, 0.46), respectively. The current-density-voltage characteristics of devices made using dopants 2 and 3 indicate that hole trapping is enhanced by short Pt-Pt distances (< 3.1 angstrom). Blue electrophosphorescence is achieved by taking advantage of the binuclear molecular geometry in order to suppress dopant intermolecular interactions. No evidence of low-energy emission from aggregate states is observed in OLEDs made with 50 % 1 doped into mCP. OLEDs made using 100 % 1 as an emissive layer display red luminescence, which is believed to originate from distorted complexes with compressed Pt-Pt separations located in defect sites within the neat film. White OLEDs are fabricated using 1 and 3 in three different device architectures, either with one or two dopants in dual emissive layers or both dopants in a single emissive layer. All the white OLEDs have high quantum efficiency 5 %) and brightness (similar to 600 Cd m(-2) at 10 V).